Evolution of the Geeks Essay -- Essays Papers

Evolution of the GeeksIn the past 20th century, the countersign type has evolved into many different meanings. The term branched off to take a person with low social skills, often with high intelligence, a person highly interested in computer technology, and a person with a devotion to something that places him or her outside of the mainstream. Geek usually has negative connotations within popular culture, where being a geek tends to be an insult. The term can withal be a badge of honor among subcultures, such as the know-it-all of Star Trek.Media dictates popular culture. The television sitcoms Ive watched growing up all displayed who is the pigeonhole for a geek. Steve Urkel from Family Matters, Screech from Saved By The Bell, Ross from Friends are some examples. All are viewed as highly intelligent and with low social skills. Yet the word is still evolving and currently is accepted as an honor. Examples of cool geeks of the 21st century are hobbits from Lord of the Rings, Har ry Potter, Seth Cohen from The O.C, and Napoleon Dynamite. The consensus of the word geek by the media shapes the societys minds of what is perceived to be true.The term stereotype is usually referred to be a term of abuse. It gives society a short cut to report and categorize people. The word also evokes a consensus among all of society. According to the Oxford English Dictionary Online, the word geek was introduced as the lowest of carnival performers, often displaying acts of swallowing follow animals. It evolved in the 20th century to represent a person who is highly intelligent yet lacks the ability to socialize. This representation inflicts psychological and social behaviors that often conceptualise geeks as outcasts and victim to abuse from the ... ... taped-up glasses, the 21st century is welcoming the geek to the mainstream. Geeks are adorable, relatable, and provide comic relief. With the following of Harry Potter fans and quirky geek icons such as Napoleon Dynamite, t he geek of today is the ultimate cool. Now geeks put the pop in pop culture. Works CitedLester, Paul M., ed. Images That Injure brilliant Stereotypes in the Media. Westport Praeger Publishers, 1996.Long, Tom. Great geek portrayals save Dynamite from its clichs. Rev. of Napoleon Dynamite, by Jared Hess. The Detroit News on the Web 2 July 2004. 20 October 2004 http//www.detnews.com/2004/screens/0407/07/e01-201089.htm.Oxford English Dictionary Online. .Soergel, Matt. come back OF THE NERDS Geeks are the coolest things in movies this summer. Florida Times Union 28 Jul. 2004, city ed., c-1.

Influential Composers Of Early 20th Century :: Music Musical History Essays

Influential Composers Of Early 20th Centurymis chirrup works citedZoltan Kodaly, Edgar Vargonse, Igor Stravinsky.Three foreign-born composers whose output ranges from unobtrusively important to riot inducing works.They encompass musics three principles education, exploration, experimentation. Deemed Hungarys greatest composer and music pedagogue (Jeter) Zoltan Kodaly, was born December 16, 1882.As a child, Kodaly taught himself piano, violin, cello, and voice.Later, he pursued Composition/Education degrees at Budapests Academy of Music and, in 1905, collaborated with friend, Bela Bartok, to preserve folk songs, collecting roughly 100,000 in his lifetime. Kodalys compositional reputation is single of moderation and consistency.His works are harmonically smooth, minimally contrapuntal, and, as Bartok described, the perfect embodiment ofHungarian spirit (www.bbc.co.uk)The orchestral cortege from opera Hary Janos (the story of an imaginative soldier with no regard for reality) remains Kodalys most popular work.His Sonata for solo Cello is similarly regarded as one of the great virtuoso instrumental pieces of the 20th century Kodaly primarily influenced education. Returning to Budapests Academy of Music as a professor, he perpetrate himself to creating a musically literate society.He implemented daily music classes at primary school level, and composed choral exercises for children.Kodalys three-pronged approach1) aural, 2) written, 3) readtaught children to sing in tune, improvise, and sight-sing impeccably.The method combined rhythm symbols, syllables, and hand signals.These hand positions provided singers with visual cues of pitches and tonal relationships.Kodaly also devised solfegea way of simplifying music for beginners.Kodalys innovative methods became Hungarys state policy after World War 2, eventually spreading worldwide.Today, Hungarys Zoltan Kodaly Grammar School still pursues music literacy by providing children an venthole for intensive study (Je ter). On December 22, 1883several hundred miles from HungaryFrench-born, Edgar Varese, welcomed life and a lifelong love affair with music.Percussion and woodwinds fascinated him, even during childhood.By age 11, he had composed an opera and imagined, one day, of transmuting the Zambesi Rivers turbulent movement into sound. (www.bbc.co.uk)Vareses father harbored hopes for his son to become an engineer, hopes which bred a violent father-son relationship.After a final fall-out with his father, Varese move to Paris to study with Charles Wilder.His most fruitful years of composition would occur in New York City, between 1920-1934. Exploration was vital to Vareses legacy. While traces of Stravinksy and Debussy are audible in Ameriques (his American debut composition for large orchestra), Varese attempted to go even farther afield.His music introduced new fashions of attack (Ministere des Affaires) on with slabs of monumental soundjuxtaposed with scraps of melody (www.

Nowadays :: Business and Management Studies

NowadaysNowadays, analysing competition is crucial for managers in order tounderstand the environment in which the business evolves, itscompetitors (their goals, plans etc) as well as implement strategiesand position their companies. They can use a wide variety oftechniques, each having its strengths and weaknesses. According toPrescott and Grant (1988), to select the appropriate techniques,managers bring to know the different techniques available, how they arerelated to each other, the focus and scope of the area and theconstraints limiting the extent of analysis. To analyse competitionefficiently, they keep to combine about of the different techniquesavailable as they all have a specific aim. However, there arelimitations that managers have to take into consideration in order to depart a clear and effective work.This essay outlines and evaluates the main weaknesses whenunderstanding the business environment. They vary by nature. They cancome from the interpretation of the manage rs and from the modelsthemselves. However, they are in resemblance to each other, one flawleading to another one.When analysing competition, the starting point is to precisely definethe pains the firm belongs to and its boundaries. Managers mayfocus on the marketplace of their company, narrowing their definition ofthe industry. They then forget or less consider other segments thatcan change quickly and have impact on the consentaneous industry. According toZahra and Chaples( 1993) an effective definition of industryboundaries requires consideration of four interrelated issues domain(where does the industry begin and end), guest group (sector to beserved and their specific needs), customer functions (customer needand specific patterns) and critical technology (production, marketingand administrative system). Each point enables to define thecompetition more and more precisely. In addition to these issues,managers have to take time into consideration. Reviewing theirbusiness defin ition, the shape of the industry and the market overthe time is crucial as industries change. Prahalad (1995) states thatmany industries are undergoing massive transformation. Deregulation,global bare(a) capacity, global competition, mergers and acquisitions,changing customer expectations, technological discontinuities arechanging industries, creating new industries and opening up new andlarge growth markets for existing businesses. For instance, chemicalcompanies work out the pharmaceutical industry by making alliances withyoung biotechnology companies, not considered as a threat by thepharmaceutical companies. This change in the industry led thepharmaceutical companies to redefine the industry and its boundariesas well as their strategy.Managers need to be vigilant in identifying its competitors. A pooridentification leads to a wrong positioning and a possible long timeresponse to the different actions coming from those undetected rivals.This identification is dependent on the managers perceptions and how

Twelfth Night Essay -- Literature, Shakespeare

In Shakespeares Twelfth Night and in Molires The Imaginary Invalid, two ladies are presented, that are not needfully the leading protagonist, but they help unravel the plays plots into something amazing. Twelfth Night features Maria, the lady in waiting to Olivia. At first Maria comes off as a dilettante, later on we find out thats not the case at all. Meanwhile, in The Imaginary Invalid, there is the disputatious Toinette, who is the maidservant and nurse to the complex number invalid himself, Argan. Maria and Toinette are two strong women characters, their strength and wit is depicted by Maria and Toinettes deceiving schemes to make their plays more stimulating as well as their objectivity by dint ofout all the chaos in their respective play.In addition, Maria plays the role of the lady in waiting who basically doesnt do anything for herself except take orders. Later on the reader soon realizes that, Maria is a strong witty character that takes matters in to her take hands. Maria developes a strategy, first she goes for the messed up drunken Sir Toby and her goal is to straighten him out. Maria confronts Sir Toby about his drunkenness, That quaffing and drinking will undo you I heard my lady talk of it yesterday (1.3.128). Sir Toby begins to take notice in Maria. Maria begins to plot with Toby to bring down Malvolio (the condescending butler) as a practical joke. Through the process of plotting against Malvolio with Toby, Maria develops a back bone something she was not known for with Olivia. Maria took the lead in the plotting and Toby starts taking her orders, Observe him, for the love of mockery, for I know this letter will make a contemplative idiot of him (2.5.18-19) As a result of the jokes success, Mari... ...was depicted through her persistence to help aid Toby and eventually gain his approval as well as becoming his equal. Meanwhile, Toinettes dependability is depicted through her selfless as Argans nurse/maidservant and confidant to his dau ghter. And her quick wit that in the end allowed her to come up with a plan that would eventually make that play the quirky comedy it is today. Thus, concluding that both Maria and Toinette are similar, because they are both strong character and quite witty, witty replete to change the total outcome of their respective plays.Works CitedMolire. The Imaginary Invalid. A Dozen French Farces Medieval to Modern. Ed. and Trans. Albert Bremel. New York Limelight, 1997.13-64. Print. Shakespeare, William. Twelfth Night. Ed. Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine. New York chapiter Square Press, 2005. Print

Forces Keeping Romeo And Juliet Apart in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet

Romeo and Juliet ar madly in love with each other and go away go to any lengths to be together.To support my thesis that the conflict between the heads of the Montague and Capulet families are responsible for Romeo and Juliets death, I quote from Romeo and Juliet (V, iii, 291-293) Prince "... Capulet Montague See, what a scourge is laid upon your hate, that promised land finds means to kill your joys with love What the Prince is saying is that, see what dreadful punishment has been laid upon your hatred. Heaven finds a reason to kill your joys with their love"There are many forces in the tragic play of Romeo and Juliet that are keeping the two young, passionate lovers apart, all emanating from one main reason. In this essay I give discuss these as well as how love, in the end, may have been the cause that led to the tragic deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Their strong attraction to each other, which some key out fate, determines where their forbidden love will take them.The leading force, in my opinion, that led to Romeo and Juliets death is the conflict between the two fathers, Capulet and Montague. Its because of this conflict that Romeo and Juliet feel they must deal their love which, in the end, is the cause of their deaths.Because of this conflict, confrontations occurred and insults were thrown. Hatred is bred which is evident when Tybalt, who is Lady Capulets nephew, joins the fight against the Montague family. Tybalt hates Romeo and doesnt hesitate to let it be known.The next force is hatred and it is widespread and commonplace in this play, it sometimes seems necessary for others to join the fight in order to portray loyalty for a particular person. Romeo wanted the fighting to end so he could announce his love and marriage to Juliet so he wasnt happy when his best friend, Mercuto, decided to stick up for him against Tybalt. In desperation, Romeo intervenes between the two, which in duty tour breaks Mercutos concentration and allows Tybalt to stab him. Like any good friend, Romeo now has to challenge this death and fight Tybalt. Romeo kills Tybalt, which ultimately leads to his banishment. Romeo spent one night of passion with Juliet forward going into "hiding" after killing Tybalt. He chose to hide in the Mantua countryside where nobody would recognize him.

Forces Keeping Romeo And Juliet Apart in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet

Romeo and Juliet are madly in love with each other and will go to any(prenominal) lengths to be together.To survive my thesis that the conflict between the heads of the Montague and Capulet families are responsible for Romeo and Juliets death, I quote from Romeo and Juliet (V, iii, 291-293) Prince "... Capulet Montague See, what a scourge is laid upon your hate, that heaven finds means to kill your joys with love What the Prince is manifestation is that, see what dreadful punishment has been laid upon your hatred. Heaven finds a reason to kill your joys with their love"There are many forces in the tragic revivify of Romeo and Juliet that are keeping the two young, passionate lovers apart, all emanating from one main reason. In this essay I will discuss these as well as how love, in the end, may have been the cause that led to the tragic deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Their strong attraction to each other, which some call fate, determines where their forbidden love will rec ognise them.The leading force, in my opinion, that led to Romeo and Juliets death is the conflict between the two fathers, Capulet and Montague. Its because of this conflict that Romeo and Juliet feel they must hide their love which, in the end, is the cause of their deaths.Because of this conflict, confrontations occurred and insults were thrown. nuisance is bred which is evident when Tybalt, who is Lady Capulets nephew, collapses the fight against the Montague family. Tybalt hates Romeo and doesnt hesitate to let it be known.The next force is hatred and it is widespread and commonplace in this play, it sometimes seems necessary for others to join the fight in order to portray loyalty for a particular person. Romeo wanted the fighting to end so he could announce his love and spousals to Juliet so he wasnt happy when his best friend, Mercuto, decided to stick up for him against Tybalt. In desperation, Romeo intervenes between the two, which in turn breaks Mercutos concentration a nd allows Tybalt to stab him. Like any good friend, Romeo now has to challenge this death and fight Tybalt. Romeo kills Tybalt, which ultimately leads to his banishment. Romeo spent one night of passion with Juliet before going into "hiding" after cleanup Tybalt. He chose to hide in the Mantua countryside where nobody would recognize him.

United States Department of State V. Ray

Marquise Green United States Department of State v. Ray Part I Every year millions of young adults graduate from their respective laid- derriere schools, pack up their belongings, leave their parental guided homes behind, and set off for college. The first thing that comes to mind when leaving the parents behind is their first true champion of freedom. The freedom to do what they please with no curfew, no guidelines, and no pre-disposed consequences for their actions is the freedom theyve been working hard throughout the maturing years of their childhood.Upon arrival it seems as though this is the case, barely as time passes one realizes that the so called freedom they attained comes with an inherited circumstance. The secretiveness that you once had in the safety of your home in your bedroom is profaned by the inheritance of a roommate and the dorm lifestyle. Some may non have ever had this privacy due to their initial guardians, but the detail remains, that you have to share your space, time, and livelihood with the accompanied male or female assigned. The right to privacy is protected by many laws in our countrys regimen.Included in these laws is the Freedom of Information Act in which the case at hand regards. In the United States Department of State v. Ray (502 U. S. 164, 112 S. Ct. 541) a radical of Haitians seeking political asylum from our government, using the FOIA as a spring for their reasoning, sought to receive the call and information withheld from them of Haitian emigrants who were previously sent back to Haiti upon arrival to the United States. The State Department in this case was known as the petitioner (plaintiff) and the respondent (defendant) was the Florida lawyer Michael D.Ray representing the Haitian nationals and his clients. In a more detailed summary, it was stated that a group of Haitians depressed with their countries devastations, sought to illegally immigrate to the U. S. seeking asylum as political refugees. As our nati ons government caught attention of the immigrants, they imposed a plan to apprehend and reinsert the immigrants of who did not qualify for political asylum back into Haiti. Fearing the immigrants safety from persecution upon arrival, they comprised an agreement with the Haitian government to restrain from persecuting these individuals for their actions.Also, they set forth a series of interviews with the immigrants to follow up on the agreements standing. This is where our cases foreground was cemented. The remaining Haitian nationals known to be the respondents, made a series of FOIA requests to government agencies for copies of the reports of the interviews the State Department held from the returning Haitians. They wanted to prove that there was indeed a fearfulness of prosecution upon returning to Haiti that entitled the immigrants to asylum in the U. S.The problem at hand was that some of the information they received had been redacted or edited before the Haitian nationals re ceived them. The State Departments reasoning is that upon assigning the agreement with the Haitian government and the returning immigrants they interviewed, they vowed that they would not disclose any information of their names and where or sos for their safety due to an assault of privacy. The respondents argued that the right to privacy is outweighed by national interest and the Freedom of Information Act gives them the right.The following case was settled in the Supreme speak to with nicety Stevens delivering the ruling however, let us start with the District lawcourts ruling. The District Court sided with the respondents and held that the invasion of privacy in this situation, giving away the names and addresses of the individuals was of little significance and was dominantly outweighed by public interest in the safe relocation of returned Haitians. They say the State Department to giving up the redacted information. Upon reaching the Court of Appeals, they too sided wi th the respondents though they disagreed with some of the pretenses.They first argued that the privacy of the Haitians was indeed significant given the fact that the respondents wanted the information to contact the returned Haitians at present and to question them, and second, that the returnees were previously promised confidentiality from our government. Though they argued these points, the court think that the indirect benefit of giving respondents the promoter to locate the Haitian returneesprovided a public value that needed disclosure. The Supreme Court hence granted certiorari. Here lies a more detailed description of the FOIA.One precedent in the case was from John Doe self-assurance v. John Doe Corp. which it stated, The Freedom of Information Act was enacted to facilitate public access to Government documents. In the FOIA there are a series of 9 exemptions to disclosure of this information. These are put in place to ensure the protection of federal agencies and cer tain information that shouldnt be viewed by the public. Specifically in this case, exemption 6 was routined by the State Department stating that personnel office and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute a intelligibly unwarranted invasion of own(prenominal) privacy. Upon further examination of the FOIA and Exemption 6 they lean to the Department of Air Force v. Rose case as a precedent for their decision. The place concept in this exemption which the Court examined is a clearly unwarranted invasion of personalised privacy. The main points that the Supreme Court derived its decision from were that first they mat that public interest had initially been satisfied by the disclosure of the redacted interview summaries, and the unredacted documents would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy.They felt that the addition of the redacted files would not give any further information that the respondents seek. The second, was that the public interest the respondents rely on stems from they might find information outside of the Government files, which inherits derivative use that which the law doesnt stand for. And finally that the respondents were seeking to attain information with hopes to find evidence that would challenge the integrity of our government officials. The Supreme Court concluded that the proposed invasion of the serious privacy interest of the Haitian returnees is clearly unwarranted. With that being said the judgment of the Court of Appeals was reversed. The opinion preceding the decision was made by Justice Scalia and Justice Kennedy concurring in part and in the judgment. They stated that the majority agreed that whether to ready a public interest or to establish an invasion of privacy is impermissible considering derivative uses. They contended that the FOIA would be more sensible if it included cause, produce or lead to when associating with clearly unwanted invasion of personal privacy.They believed that there shouldnt have been an argument for Exemption 6. U. S. officials pledged confidentiality knowing that the information regarding the interviews is something that a person would not want to be shared, therefore an invasion of personal privacy. They conclude that there is nothing substantial about the opposite sides argument for public interest that can compete, so this is clearly unwarranted and upholds to Exemption 6. Part II In the first case documenting my chosen case as a precedent, Long v. United States Department of Justice (778 F.Supp. 2d 222), petitioners brought action against the Department of Justice attempting to attain records relating to health care providers reports of vaccine administration and the reactions of the administration, specifically the vaccine types and dates. The jurist stated that the reasoning for them withholding tax the information from the public was due to the FOIAs exemption 6 regarding the personal privacy of the patients. They stated that the information would provide specific medical information about the named individuals.The District Court of New York held however, that even though the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 gives right to health care providers to withhold information, the DOJ had nothing that just justified their decision to withhold the type of vaccine administered or the date of the administration. The Court also stated that the DOJ failed to satisfy the accuse of justifying the withholding under Exemption 6. With these findings, the Court initially granted summary judgment in way of the plaintiff and ordered the disclosure of the information.The DOJ then motioned for reconsideration which the Court granted. In reconsideration, the DOJ requested for summary judgment on both the FOIAs Exemption 3 and 6. First, the DOJ stated that the vaccine types and dates were withheld under Exemption 3, which exempts disclosure by statute, due to statute 300aa-12(d)(4)(A) which prohibits d isclosure of this information. The plaintiffs however, argued that the meaning of the word information is too broad and cant specifically relate to the subject, vaccine types and dates of administration.Further, they contradicted the definition of the word information as defined in the statute to the actual dictionary definition to better prove their office in the argument. Though valid in point, it couldnt outweigh the substantiality of Exemption 6 in which we find our initial court case as precedent. Exemption 6, stated prior, exempts disclosure of personnel and medical files and similar files, like these, due to a clear, unwarranted invasion of privacy. In discussion of Exemption 6, the Court stated that it is set forth to protect individuals from the injury and embarrassment that can result from the unnecessary disclosure of personal information. Basically the Court is weighing public interest versus personal privacy like in our original court case. In regards to our previous c ases relevance as a precedent in this case, the vaccine types and dates were linked to docket numbers which revealed the names and medical information of individuals that shouldnt be disclosed. They quoted United States Dept of State v.Ray stating, (disclosure of personal information constitutes only a de minimis invasion of privacy when the identities are unknown, the invasion of privacy becomes significant when the personal information is linked to particular individuals). The Court cognize that this put the information at risk of invading personal privacy and was the main factor in their final decision. In conclusion the Court ordered the reconsideration of the defendant, vacated the initial motion for summary judgment, and denied the plaintiffs cross-motion to receive the vaccine types and dates of administration.In my second case regarding my chosen case as a precedent, the FOIAs Exemption 6 was also used to reach a decision. In Sherman v. United States Department of the sol diery (244 F. 3d 357) action was brought against the army to produce documents relating to service awards. These documents however, included the amicable security numbers of service personnel. The reasoning for Shermans lawsuit was because the Army redacted the SSNs from the documents pursuant to Exemption 6, knowing that this could cause risk for an unwarranted invasion of personnel privacy.The procedure for redaction was relatively expensive and the Army felt that if Sherman wanted the documents he should pay for it. Sherman argued that this was outrageous and that the documents shouldnt have to be redacted. The U. S. District Court for Southern Texas agreed that this might be a potential personal privacy risk and ruled summary judgment in favor of the Army which later got appealed. In the Court of Appeals is where we find our cases precedent. There were two main points in which digest was needed, Shermans waiver argument and Exemption 6 reconciliation.In the waiver argument, S herman, instead of contesting Exemption 6, argued that the Army uses SSNs publicly in several situations. He used recreational orders and services such as airlines, hotels, and other public organizations. Sherman backed his argument using other cases as precedent and also argued that allowing the Army to withhold material that was already released they will have exponent to selectively control the power of disclosure for any documents containing SSNs.The Court however, contended that even though the Sherman gave a valid argument that pertains to a group or agency, only the individual whose privacy is protected by Exemption 6 can waiver their individual privacy interests, declining Shermans argument. The Court then moved to balancing the sides on the Exemption 6 issue. Basically what theyre doing here is deciding whether the disclosure of SSNs is indeed clearly unwarranted in respects to personal privacy interest. They leaned most of their premise on Congress and the laws that prote ct personal privacy.In evaluation, they came to the derivative use theory and noticed that certain implications could arise from the disclosure of Shermans request. In Justice Scalias concurring opinion of United States Department of State v. Ray Scalia states solely upon what the requested information reveals, not what it might lead to. What this means in assessment is that the Armys claim for defense is because this information could potentially lead to harm to the individuals through the possibility of identity fraud.In the conclusion of the analysis the Court claims that the redaction of the SSNs does not stop the public interest of attaining the award orders. Rather, it protects the individuals from an unwarranted invasion of their personal privacy. In Shermans argument he failed to severalise that public interest (in the SSNs) would outweigh the personal privacy of the individuals through an unredacted disclosure. The Court reached a decision to affirm the districts courts s ummary judgment in favor of the Army.

Japan’s Occupation: An American Operation

The occupation of japan was, from start to finish, an American operation. General Douglans MacArthur, sole supreme commander of the consort Power was in charge. The Americans had insufficient men to make a multitude government of Japan possible so they decided to act through the real Japanese gobernment. General MacArthur became, except in name, dictator of Japan. He imposed his will on Japan. Demilitarization was speedily carried out, demobilization of the former imperial forces was completed by early 1946.Japan was extensively fire bomded during the second world war. The stench of sewer gas, rotting garbage, and the acrid smell of ashes and scorched debris pervaded the air. The Japanese m pastitude had to live in the damp, and cold of the concrete buildings, because they were the only integritys left. Little remained of the vulnerable wooden frame, tile roof dwelling lived in by most Japanese. When the firstborn signs of spend set in, the occupation forces immediately took o ver all the steam-heated buildings.The Japanese were out in the cold in the first post war winter fuel was very hard to find, a family was considered lucky if they had a small barely glowing charcoal brazier to huddle round. That next summer in random spots new ho uses were built, each house was standardized at 216 square feet, and required 2400 board feet of material in order to be built. A master plan for a modernistic city had been limned, but it was cast aside because of the lack of time before the next winter. The thousands of pot who lived in railroad stations and public parks needed housing. All the Japanese heard was democracy from the Americans.All they cared rough was food. General MacArthur asked the government to send food, when they refus ed he sent a nonher telegram that said, Send me food, or send me bullets. American troops were forbidden to eat local food, as to storage area from naked from cutting into the sparse No food was was brought in expressly for the J apanese durning the first six months after the American presence there. Herbert Hoover, serving as chairman of a special presidential advisory committee, recommended minimum imports to Japan of 870,000 tons of food to be distributed in different urban areas.Fish, the source of so oft of the protein in the Japanese diet, were no longer available in adequate quantities because the fish fleet, particularly the arge vessels, had been badly decimated by the war and because the U. S. S. R. closed off the fishing grounds in the north. The most important aspect of the democratization policy was the adoption of a new temper and its supporting legislation. When the Japanese government be too confused or too reluctant to come up with a constitutional reform that satisfied MacArthur, he had his own staff draft a new constitution in February 1946.This, with only minor changes, was then adopted by the Japanese government in the form of an imperial amendment to the 1889 constitution and went into effect n May 3, 1947. The new Constitution was a perfection of the British parliamentary form of government that the Japanese had been moving toward in the 1920s. dogmatic political proponent was assigned to the Diet. Cabinets were made responsible to the Diet by having the prime minister select by the lower house. The House of Peers was replaced by an elected House of Councillors.The judicial system was made as independent of executive interference as possible, and a newly created supreme court was given the power to review the constitutionality of laws. Local governments were given greatly increased powers. The Emperor was reduced to being a symbol of the unity of the nation. Japanese began to see him in person. He went to hospitals, nurtures, mines, industrial plants he broke ground for public buildings and snipped tape at the opening of gates and highways. He was steered here and there, shown things, and kept muttering, Ah so, ah so. People started to call him Ah-so-sa n. utterly the puyblic began to take this shy, ill-at-ease man to their hearts. They saw in him something of their own conqured selves, force to do what was alien to them. In 1948, in a newspaper poll, Emperior Hirohito was voted the Civil liberties were emphasized, women were given to the full equality with men. Article 13 and 19 in the new Constitution, prohibits discrimination in political, frugal, and social relations because of race, creed, sex, social status, or family origen. This is one of the most explicitly progressive statements on human rights anywhere in law.Gerneral Douglas MacArthur emerged as a radical feminist because he was convinced that the place of women in Japan essential be brought to a level consistent with that of women in the western democracies. So the Japanese women got their equal rights amendment long before a oncerted effort was made to die hard one in America. Compulsory education was extened to nine years, efforts were made to make education f requently a traning in thinking than in rote memory, and the school system above the six elementary grades was revised to conform to the American pattern.This last mechanical change produced great confusion and dissatisfaction but became so secure that it could not be revised even after the Americans departed. Japans agriculture was the quickest of national activities to recover because of land reform. The Australians came up with the best plan. It was basis was this There were to be no absentee landlards. A person who actually worked the land could own up to 7. 5 arcers. Anyone living in a village near by could keep 2. 5 acres. Larger plots of land, exceeding these limits, were bought up by the government and sold on easy terms to former tenants.Within two years 2 million tenants became landowners. The American occupation immediately gained not only a large constituency, for the new owners had a vested interest in preserving the change, but also a psychological momentum for other changes they wanted to initiate. The American dig policy in Japan had a double goal to encourage the growth of pop unions while keeping them free of communists. Union organization was used as a balance to the power of management. To the surprise of the American authorties, this movement took a by all odds more radical turn.In the desperate economic conditions of early postwar Japan, there was little room for successful bargaining over wages, and many labor unions instead made a bid to take over industry and operate it in their own behalf. Moreover large numbers of workers in Japan were government employees, such as ailroad workers and teachers, whose wages were set not by management but by the government. Direct political action therefore seemed more meani ngful to these people than wage bargaining. The Japanese unions called for a general strike on February 1, 1947.MacArthur warned the union leadinghip that he would not countenace a nationwide strike. The strike leaders yieled to MacArthurs will. The reafter the political appeal of radical labor action appeared to wane. The Americans wanted to disband the great Zaibatsu trust as a means of reducing Japans war-making potential. There were about 15 Zaibatsu families such as Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Yasuda, and Sumitomo. The Zaibatsu controled the industry of Japan. MacArthurs liaison men pressured the Diet into passing the Deconcentration Law in December 1947.In the eyes of most Japanese this law was designed to cripple Japanese business and industry forever. The first step in breaking up the Zaibatsu was to spread their ownership out among the people and to prevent the old owners from ever again exercising control. The stocks of all the key holding companies were to be sold to the public. Friends of the old Zaibatsu bought the stock. In the long run the Zaibatsu were not exactly destroyed, but a few were weakened and others underwent a considerable shuffle.The initial period of the occupation from 1945 to 1948 was marked by reform, the second phase was one of stabilization. Greater attention was given to improvement of the economy. Japan was a heavy expense to the United States. The ordered breakup of the Zaibatsu was slowed down. The union movement continued to grow, to the ult imate benefit of the worker. Unremitting pressure on employers brought swelling wages, which meant the steady expansion of Japan domestic onsumer market. This market was a major reason for Japans subsequent economic boom.Another boom to the economy was the Korean War which proved to be a blessing in disguise. Japan became the main staging area for military action in Korea and went on a war boom economy with out having to fight in or pay for a war. The treaty of quiet with Japan was signed at San Francisco in September 1951 by Japan, the United States, and forty-seven other nations. The Soviet Union refused to sign it. The treaty went into effect in April 1952, officially terminating the United States ilitary occ upation and restoring full independence.What is extraordinary in the Occupation and its aftermath was the insignificance of the unpleasant. For the Japanese, the nobility of American ideals and the essential benignity of the American presence assuaged much of the bitterness and anguish of defeat. For the Americans, the joys of promoting peace and democracy triumphed over the attendant fustrations and grievances. Consequently, the Occupation served to lay down a substantial capital of good will on which both America and Japan would draw in the years ahead.

Employe Loyalty in Hotel Essay

The essence of competition among hotels is the competition of human resource. If a group of skilled, sophisticated, and loyal employees can be retained by hotels, high smell of service, hotel distinguish and honor, and revenue can be guaranteed to a large extent. As a result, employee verity is one of the core competitiveness of hotel, largely influencing and determining the further development. Also, employee loyalty is one of the indicators of the performance Human Resource Management in a hotel. Employee loyalty is expressed by the behaviors and attitudes that are showed by hotel employees (Ineson & Berechet, 2011).With increasingly severe competition, the quality of product and productivity determine the destiny of a company. The employees who sketch longer are more(prenominal) familiar with the mission and vision of the company and regular works procedures, with the understanding of how to improve productivity and quality and save the costs, which are the competitive advan tages of a company. Employees are disrupt of hotels assets. The society also raises attention to employees loyalty, since employees turnover rises with humble loyalty, which leads to a series of problems, like unemployment.Before a hotel employs new staffs, the on duty employees depart undertake loads of responsibilities. High employee turnover will playact hotel to a chaos and revenue loss. Consequently, employee loyalty counts when dealing with high employee turnover. High employee loyalty can bring in lucrative benefit to hotel by reduction the recruitment and training costs, improving labor productivity, and creating more revenue. Also, the organization structure will be stable with high employee loyalty, stimulating the execution of tasks of related departments and achieving the go along development.Besides, a specialty of hospitality management is that part-time employees play an important role in the delivery of guest service. Hotel could benefit a lot from the right w ay managing part-time employees by saving training costs. So, part-time employees are another potential group of loyal employees, from which talents might be discovered. Currently, with much more choices are provided to the market, people are given more alternatives and chances, among which there is one that they cherish some and is suitable for their career development, the high employee turnover is a serious problem, which is urging to solve.In the following content, this article is going to talk ab knocked out(p) the factors that impact employee loyalty, both full-time and part-time, and different ways to improve employee loyalty. Factors that impact employee loyalty single(a) Characteristics Individual characteristics, such gender, age, job tenure, and job position, get down some impact on employee loyalty. For instance, for older (40 years old) employees, job security, good maternity/paternity packages, a convenient workplace location, and a planned career path are most imp ortant, which reflect their life cycle priorities (Ineson & Berechet, 2011).Also, young employees (25-35 years old) have more ambitious to break rules and make decision without hesitation as long as there are more promising opportunities. Gender difference is unequivocal in hotels. Traditionally, men are supposed to be the bread-maker in a family, so most cleaning is done by women in the hotel, including the public field of view and guest rooms. Besides, job position has an impact on employees attitudes towards employee loyalty, which means that different hierarchical positions show different employee loyalty in hotel (Ineson & Berechet, 2011).Attitude toward Work With the globalization of economy, the facilities and techniques in hotel industry improve a lot, and so does employees attitude towards career path, changing from consistency to varietydeveloping through career ladder. In the past, most peoples first job is the last one, whose attitude toward job is that the more stable , the better. Now, however, it is not rare to be told that ones colleague unexpended to another hotel for further development, mostly because of better opportunities for personal development.Other employees may pay much attention on relatively clean and comfortable operative environment offered by most hotels. Since the product of hotel is service, which relies on the direct communication between frontline employees and guests, both frontline employees and managers will deal with all kinds of relations with guests and colleagues, or physiologic work. If employees attitude toward their job is uninterested from the beginning, its very hard for hotel to build up employee loyalty. Attitude is everything. Job Commitment and Job Satisfaction Job lading is greenbackd by how employees feel about the hotel as a whole.It is the degree to which an employee identifies with the organization and is the desire to staying with the organization (Wanda & Salazar, 2011). Job commitment refers to both employees and hotels share goals and values, and willingness to work on behalf of the hotel. Employees can achieve their goals through the success of hotel, which is a win-win situation. Job commitment and job satisfaction are related job commitment is to measure hows the employees feel about the hotel job satisfaction is to measure fulfillment with a specific job. Job satisfaction is strongly associated with employee loyalty.It is easy to work out that satisfied employees will work hard and provide high quality service to guests. Then employees will receive positive response from satisfied guests, which will give employees a sense of fulfillment and increase their loyalty. A virtuous cycle begins. Payroll and Benefits Payroll and benefits are the most direct factors that influence employee loyalty. A high payroll department and benefit packages can always retain employee, which just satisfied the most basic needs of living. The most common situation in China is the huge gap b etween the payroll of managers and frontline employees.Undertaking loads of work and directly dealing with various guests, frontline employees are always offered low payroll, compared with the payroll of hotel managers or with the average salary in the market. Payroll is the most direct factor and may have negative impact on employees motivation and it is practically the first consideration when people choose jobs. People will naturally compare the payroll and benefit with different hotels. When a feeling of unfairness on payroll arises, the tendency of leaving and slowing down will increase.Training and Opportunities to Develop New Skills Training is one of Human Resource most overt functions. The opportunities of develop new skills measure the management of training program. Training will not only enhance the skills and proficiency in dealing with regular working, scarce also give employees a sense of fulfillment through learning and making progress. It is also a way to show th e care to employees. Hotels who do not invest in employee training cannot see the progress their employees made and the rise of productivity, which is not a long-tern development trategy. Mastering more skills after training, employees will have a much better understanding of their responsibilities, become more qualified to their positions and provide much better service to guests. Training management can be measure by employee satisfaction and guests satisfaction. Factors mentioned above are those that mainly impact full-time employees. Some of them may also work on part-time employee, barely the main factor that impact part-time employees loyalty and commitment is the levels of support received from hotels and supervisors.As mentioned above, employees strong commitment will result in great loyalty and better behaviors. Hotel manager should understand that commitment is a double- way communication. Research indicates that employees who perceive their managers commitment will be a lso committed to their organizations, resulting in much better performance and exceeding hotels expectations (Misty, 2009). Additionally, since part-time employees expect less than full-time employees, they will savor the moment of value when treated as part of the organization.

Obesity †case study and health promotion paper Essay

Obesity has reached global epidemic pro arrogates, and has become a major health problem of out society. According to Peeters et al. (2007), 32% or 60 million people ar now obese in the United States. The condition develops as a result of the interaction between genetics, lifestyle behavior, and ethnical and environmental influences. Fat accumulates when to a greater extent energy is consumed than expended. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) has adopted a classification system of body mass index (BMI). BMI, the confirmative measure of body change, identifies the over pack down and obese individuals. A BMI of 25-29 kg/m2 is considered over clog, 30-34 kg/m2 is mild obesity, 35-39 kg/m2 is moderate obesity, and above 40 kg/m2 is extreme obesity (Palamara, Mogul, Peterson, Frishman, 2006).Obesity develops due to senior high school-fat, high wampum diet coupled with a decline in carnal activity. Modern living conditions, eating habits, and quality of solid food lead to over-consumption of cheap, super sized portions. More cars, roads, and fast food restaurants at every corner, as well as quick, ready to eat microwavable dinners loaded with fat, salt, and easy carbohydrates atomic number 18 easier and often less expensive than nutritious, quality food products. Furthermore, the technology has made humans rely on mechanical devices. The automated inventions designed to irritate life easier, perform 1000s of tasks that in the past required physical labor. As a result of sedentary life and over-consumption, the excessive fat accumulates in the body, and whitethorn guide significant health consequences.Multiple research studies have revealed that excessive free encumbrance gain increases the risk of diabetes, high crease pressure, dyslipidemia, coronary shopping center disease, stroke, osteoarthritis, and many forms of cancer. In particular, type AB obesity has been recognized as strongly associated with the development of diabetes a nd cardiovascular diseases (Behn & Ur, 2006) (Chen et al., 2007) (Balkau et al., 2007) (Despres, 2007). Due to the dangerous health risks of obesity, it is considered a disease that requires treatment (Palamara et al., 2006). The Centers for Disease Control and ginmill (n.d.) estimated that medical exam expenses related to obesity cost $92.6 billion in the year 2002, and the condition causes 300,000 deaths per year.Nevertheless, prevention of the multiple health consequences of obesity is possible by clog reduction. Bardia, Holtan, Slezak and Thompson (2007) suggested that Even a sm any strike in a patients weight would result in better control of multiple diseases, enkindle quality of life, greatly improve a patients morbidity, and result in small(a)er health care use and medical costs. In addition to preventing many diseases, weight reduction can improve the already present disorders. Research indicates that weight loss of 4% to 8% is associated with a decrease of systolic a nd diastolic blood insistency by 3 mmHg (Mulrow et al., 1998). The main weight reducing interventions include diet, coif, psychological, behavioral, pharmacotherapy, surgery, and alternative therapies (Vlassov, 2001).However, the eagle-eyed call soundness of these interventions has non proven effective, as majority of people regain their weight after losing it (Biaggioni, 2008). Guidelines for weight reduction suggested by NHLBI involve the following initial reduction of 10% of body weight, low calorie diet (800-1 five hundred kcal/d) 30% calories from fat, 15% calories from protein, and 55% calories from carbohydrates, fooling deficit of 500-1000 kcal to lose one to two pounds per week during hexad months, long call weight maintenance, and physical activity for 30 to 45 minutes three to five days a week (Palamara et al., 2006). Health care providers are faced with the prevention and management of a major cause of morbidity and mortality for which effective life long interve ntions are desperately needed.CASE reputationbobsled is a 38 year old white male. Except for hypertension, he considers him ego healthy. He has seen his family doctor three months ago for regular blood pressure check up, as he does every six months. Bob is married, has four adolescent children, and works as an automobile dealer for fourteen years.Past medical history hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemiaAllergies none to medications, latex, animals, foods, or environmentalHospitalizations / surgeries / injuries tonsillectomy in childhoodMedications lisinopril 20mg orally dailyFamily medical history mother and brother with hypertensionSocial history lives with wife and children, all very supportive of each other, get along well,drinks 2 glasses of whiskey socially on weekends, denies take in or illicit substance usePhysical activities walks on treadmill for twenty minutes once or twice a week, occasionally plays volleyball game with family on weekendsDaily aspiration patterns brea kfast four sandwiches with cheese and ham lunch home made soup, cooked or fried sausage dinner salad, practically of potatoes, 2 portions of steak or meatloaf or chicken, pickled vegetables supper pasta with sauce or pizza snacks chips, cookies, candy, pretzels and fruits, all throughout the day fluids 8 glasses of soda, juice, pissing or milk.Review of systems unremarkable, no complaints.Weight 280 pounds, Height 63, Waist circumference 52, BMI 35kg/m, BP 150/90 mmHgMost fresh abnormal laboratory tests total cholesterol 220, triglycerides 310All other results including glucose, blood count, BUN, creatinine, and liver enzymes were within normal range.Bob admitted that weight loss has been one of the greatest contends forhim. His several previous attempts at weight reduction have been unsuccessful. He expressed willingness and readiness to try again, but was concerned that he would non be able to follow the plan long term. Bobs family was very supportive, and willing to aid with his weight loss attempts. To identify the health risks of obesity, and to determine interventions to cut out those risks, research articles were examined. The search for relevant studies was conducted using OVID MEDLINE, PUB MED, CINAHL, and COCHRANE databases.SUMMARY OF LITERATUREDietary interventions form the fundamental element of the management of obesity. There is a encompassing variety of possible diets, but no consensus on which is the most effective for weight reduction. A review by Noakes and Clifton (2004) compared the effects of a low carbohydrate diet and a low fat diet. Overall, the studies revealed that a very low carbohydrate diet resulted in significantly more weight loss than low fat diet in the short to medium term. On the other hand, a moderately low carbohydrate diet resulted in similar weight loss as a low fat diet. Moreover, the very low and moderately low carbohydrate diets have been found to more effectively sign triglyceride, and increase high dumbness lipoprotein (HDL) levels compared to low fat diet.Again, comparison between the low carbohydrate and low fat diets was performed by Lecheminant et al. (2007). In a quazi-experimental design, 102 participants were designate every to a low carbohydrate (LC) or a low fat (LF) group. Both groups followed a very low energy diet and muddled significant body weight (LC 20.4 kg, LF 19.1 kg) and waist circumference. The differences between the two groups were non statistically significant. In addition to the diet, all participants were involved in brisk move 300 minutes per week, and all were issued pedometers to monitor their progress. Also, both groups were equally effective at preventing weight re-gain over six months, and both groups were found to have a decreased blood pressure as a result of weight loss.Similarly, a systematic review by Pirozzo, Summerbell, Cameron and Glasziou (2002) compared the effects of a low fat diet to low calorie diet and low carbohydrate diet. Si x disarrange controlled trials with a total of 594 participants were analyzed over a period of six to eighteen months. Overall results demonstrated non-significant differences in weight loss, weight maintenance, serum lipids, and blood pressure between all the diets reviewed.Moreover, a one year randomized trial by Dansinger, Gleason and Griffith (2005) compared Atkins, Zone, Weight Watchers, and Ornish diets. A single center randomized trial assigned 160 participants among the four diet groups. After one year, all diet groups were found to have significantly reduced weight and waist size, without significant differences between groups. Similarly to previous studies, low carbohydrate diets reduced triglycerides and diastolic blood pressure, all except Ornish diet group increased high density lipoprotein (HDL), and all except Atkins diet group reduced low density lipoprotein (LDL).In addition to energy restriction through the diet, energy expenditure may enhance weight loss. In a m eta-analysis by Shaw, Gennat, ORourke and Del louse up (2006), 41 randomized controlled clinical trials were analyzed to determine the effects of exercise in overweight and obese adults. The multiple exercise interventions included walking, jogging, cycle ergometry, weight training, aerobics, treadmill, stair measuringping, dancing, ball games, calisthenics, rowing, and aqua jogging. The 3476 participants exercised three to five days a week for a median eon of forty five minutes a day. Several of the studies compared exercise to diet either alone or in combination with exercise. The results revealed that exercise alone led to marginal weight loss, but when have with diet produced significant weight reduction.Moreover, comparing the intensities of the various types of exercise activities, it was found that both high and low intensity exercises were associated with weight loss. Nonetheless, high intensity bring forth only slightly more weight reduction than low intensity, but whe n the diet component was added, the difference between high and low intensity was not significant. Additionally, the findings revealed that systolic blood pressure reduction was favored by diet over exercise, and diastolic bloodpressure was reduced equally likely by exercise as by diet. Furthermore, exercise did not reduce cholesterol levels, but was found to reduce triglycerides equally well as diet. Patients involved in the exercise trials improved diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, and glucose levels regardless of whether they lost weight.One of the most difficult aspects of weight loss plans is consistent bond certificate to exercise. A meta-analysis by Richardson et al. looked at the effects of walking on weight reduction (2008). 307 participants in nine interventional studies were provided with pedometers to monitor step count. Pedometers served as motivational tools to self monitor and reach the goals of walking. The participants logged the dai ly recorded steps, and reviewed their results during group meetings. On average about 0.05 kg was lost per week after walking two thousand to four thousand steps per day. Although the amount of weight lost in the trials was small, adherence to walking programs and increasing step count according to preset goals is definitive for the beneficial effects on health. The physical activity reduced the risk of cardiovascular events, lowered blood pressure, and helped maintain lean muscle mass of the participants. The studies have shown that the use of pedometer is helpful in monitoring the progress of physical activity, and is a good way to motivate continued increase in walking.Another meta-analysis compared dissimilar psychological interventions and their effects on weight reduction (Shaw, ORourke, Del Mar, Kenardy, 2005). 36 randomized controlled clinical trials including 3495 participants were evaluated. The majority of studies assessed the effects of behavioral interventions on weig ht loss. The duration of clinical contact with the participants ranged from 7 to 78 weeks, with sessions lasting 60 minutes periodical. The techniques included stimulus control, goal setting, and self-monitoring. The therapies enhanced dietetic restraints by providing adaptive dietary strategies, and by increasing motivation for physical activities, and to maintain adherence to the healthier lifestyle.Behavioral therapy was successful at decreasing weight as a complete strategy (2.5 kg), and even greater weight reduction was attained when combined with diet and exercise (4.9 kg). Several evaluated studies also assessed cognitivetherapy, psychotherapy, relaxation therapy, and hypnotherapy, but the results of these either did not reveal significant weight reduction, or resulted in weight gain. Moreover, a number of studies found that weight loss was associated with reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting plasma glucose. The se findings once again confirm the important health benefits of reducing weight.Overall, the research suggests that most diets are equally effective at weight reduction. There are multiple more or less popular diets known, and according to Dansinger et al. (2005), more than one thousand diet books are now accessible. Instead of searching for the best available, obese patients should be advised that any diet would be more effective than the one they are shortly consuming. Moreover, diet modification has been shown to be more effective than exercise, but both are beneficial in reducing cardiovascular risk factors. Exercise does not have to be intense, and walking on most days of the week is sufficient for risk reduction when continued long term. Finally, addition of behavioral interventions may strengthen motivation and self monitoring, and enhance weight loss maintenance.INTERVENTIONS AND RESULTSBob was presented with the literature findings on health risks and health promotion, and was encouraged to lose weight by diet, and involvement in more physical activities. He was introduced with the possible options, and it was recommended that he participates in designing his weight loss plan. This way Bob could have more control over the interventions, and was able to incorporate his preferences. Bob identified his perceived benefits of losing weight as improved body image, mood, physical fitness and agility, reduced blood pressure, and reduced risk of comorbidities. The main barriers were mainly the resistance to eliminate favorite foods, and occasional laziness to perform physical activities.Instead of starting one of the multiple popular diets, Bob headstrong to reducehis portion sizes initially by 30%, substitute supper and snacks by fruits and vegetables, and eliminate soda and juice. To assure smaller portion sizes, Bob was encouraged to use a smaller plate than usual. He also agreed to drink at least two liters of water a day, especially with meals, to reach satiety sooner. He was encouraged to keep a journal of all his daily intakes of food and drink to monitor his diet, and to identify around hidden sources of excess consumption. Moreover, to avoid excess eating, Bob was instructed to only eat at the table, and to not allow family members to eat any food while seance on the couch or in front of the computer.He also decided to become more physically active, and his choice of daily exercise was walking. Bob was encouraged to purchase a pedometer to monitor progress in physical activity, aiming for at least two thousand steps a day. Richardson et al. (2008) informed that a two thousand step walk was estimated to equal one mile. Bob was also encouraged to set weekly walking goals, slowly increasing his step count. Bobs family was also involved in his attempt to lose weight. To help him attain his goals, family members planned to show support for Bobs exercise by joining him. Furthermore, Bob was encouraged to identify situations of dail y living providing opportunities for more physical activities, for example parking further away from the entrance at work and grocery store.Weekly meetings evaluated Bobs progress, and discussed about difficulties of following the plan. Bob remained strongly motivated throughout the eight weeks of intervention, and successfully reached most of his weekly dietary and exercise goals. Portions of his meals decreased steadily until no more than 50% of initial food intake was reached, and the snacks included fruits and vegetables only. Daily step count reached up to six thousand steps on some days, and daily walks through the park with his wife became an enjoyable routine. To everyones surprise, during the third week Bob decided to accompany his sons to the health club twice a week, where he swam in the pool for one hour.He expressed feeling energized after any physical activity. Several small relapses were recorded when Bob missed a couple days of walking, and could not resist eating hi gh calorie or high fat foods. At the end of eight weeks of interventions, Bob has lost nine pounds, reduced his BMI to 33.9 kg/m, and his waist circumference decreased by 1.25 inches.Also, his systolic and diastolic blood pressure was slightly reduced. Unfortunately, the effect on the blood lipid level has not been tested. In conclusion, during only eight weeks Bob turned from moderately obese to mildly obese, and remained motivated to continue the weight loss plan.DISCUSSIONResearch has revealed that any diet, as long as caloric intake is restricted, will result in weight loss. It has been calculated that to lose one pound a week, one has to restrict food intake by 500 kcal per day. Patients often get discouraged by the slow effects of weight loss. On the other hand, studies point that more restrictive diets have lower meekness rates and increased weight regain (Palamara et al., 2006). Unfortunately, losing theweight is not the biggest challenge. What people mostly fail at is mai ntaining the reduced weight. Effective weight maintenance requires not only decreasing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure, but also modification of behaviors that predispose to weight gain.Bob monitored his daily dietary intake, and avoided situations hint to overeating. Also, the pedometer monitored the amount of walking, and served as a motivational tool. Moreover, intrinsic motivation for physical activities, as described by Teixeira et al. (2006), is the satisfaction from participating in an activity, while outside motivation describes the desire of slimmer appearance, and weight management. The authors presented that the extrinsic motives correlated with short term weight loss, whereas intrinsic motives predicted long term results. Bob expressed enjoyment of daily walks through the park, which correlates with intrinsic motivation, and and then he is likely to continue over longer period of time. It is important that diet or exercise is maintained for the pastim e and positive feelings brought on by the activity.IMPLICATIONS OF FINDINGS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICEThe continuing rise in obesity and related risk factors, and failure of maintaining long term weight loss result in increasing prevalence of comorbidities. Health care costs related to treating ailments resulting from obesity will continue to rise, unless health care providers utilize more effective measures to deal with the problem. Promoting healthy nutrition and lifestyle early in life may prevent the development of obesity. It is a great challenge for nurse practitioners to help patients maintain their weight. Although the recommended compositions of various diets include specific amounts of fats, carbohydrates, and protein, the research revealed that it is the total caloric content that is responsible for weight loss, regardless of nutrient partitioning. in one case the patient is ready and willing to commit, the treatment strategy should be devised together. Since the variety of d iet options have been shown to have similar effects, the nurse practitioner can help match the nutritional plan with patients dietary preferences.Although diet was found to be more effective in weight reduction than exercise, patients with cardiovascular risk factors should beeducated about the benefits of physical activities. It is important to encourage continuous participation in exercise, even when no reduction of weight is observed. lifestyle changes can be difficult to sustain for the patient, hence continuous support and motivation by a nurse practitioner are necessary. The interventions require fealty of both, the patient and the nurse practitioner. Also, counseling patients family, and encouraging to get involved in loved ones struggle through weight loss and weight maintenance may provide additional support, and contribute to lasting behavior changes. Behavioral strategies such as encouraging setting impound goals, self monitoring and evaluation may increase the chance of success. Patients satisfaction with the choice of diet and physical activity, and successful long term adherence are the best predictors of lifelong weight maintenance.CONCLUSIONThe comorbidities associated with obesity substantially lower the individuals quality of life, and are also adequate an enormous burden on health care. Successful treatment and prevention of obesity can reduce the occurrence of its complications. Dieting is resented by most individuals, therefore it is necessary to assist patients to find appropriate and motivating interventions that can be successfully followed life long. Patients willingness to commit to a long term adherence is essential to permanent lifestyle changes. It is a long and difficult journey from deciding to lose weight to the successful long term results, but even small losses of weight can produce important health benefits.REFERENCESBalkau, B., Deanfield, J.E., Despres, J.P., Bassand, J.P., Fox, K.A., Smith, S.C.Jr., Barter, P., Tan, C.E ., Van Gaal, L., Wittchen, H.U., Massien, C., Haffner, S.M. (2007, October). International Day for the Evaluation of Abdominal Obesity (IDEA) a study of waist circumference, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus in 168,000 primary care patients in 63 countries. _Circulation, 116_(17), 1942-51. Retrieved February 5, 2008, fromOVID MEDLINE database.Bardia, A., Holtan, S.G., Slezak, J.M., Thompson, W.G. (2007, August). Diagnosis of obesity by primary care physicians and impact on obesity management. _Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 82_(8), 927-32. Retrieved February 7, 2008, from OVID MEDLINE database.Behn, A., Ur, E. (2006, July). The obesity epidemic and its cardiovascular consequences. _Current Opinion in Cardiology, 21_(4), 353-60. Retrieved February 7, 2008, from OVID MEDLINE database.Biaggioni, I. (2008, Feb). Should we target the sympathetic nervous system in the treatment of obesity-associated hypertension? _Hypertension, 51_(2), 168-71. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from OVID MEDL INE database.Chen, L., Peeters, A., Magliano, D.J., Shaw, J.E., Welborn, T.A., Wolfe, R., Zimmet, P.Z., Tonkin, A.M. (2007, December). Anthropometric measures and infrangible cardiovascular risk estimates in the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) Study. _European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, 14_(6), 740-5. Retrieved February 7, 2008, from OVID MEDLINE database.Dansinger, M.L., Gleason, J.A., Griffith, J.L., et al. (2005). Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction. _Journal of American Medical Association, 293,_ 43-53. Retrieved February 5, 2008, from Electronic Journals.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (n.d.). _Overweight and obesity Economic consequences, 2007._ Retrieved February 7, 2008, from http//www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/economic_consequences.htmDespres, J.P. (2007, June). Cardiovascular disease under the influence of excess visceral fat. _Critical Pathways in Cardiology A Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 6_(2), 51-9. Retrieved February 5, 2008, from OVID MEDLINE database.Lecheminant, J.D., Gibson, C.A., Sullivan, D.K., Hall, S., Washburn, R., Vernon, M.C., Curry, C., Stewart, E., Westman, E.C., Donnelly, J.E. (2007, November). Comparison of a low carbohydrate and low fat diet for weight maintenance in overweight or obese adults enrolled in a clinical weight management program. _Nutrition Journal, 6,_ 36. Retrieved February 7, 2008, from PubMed database.Mulrow, C.D., Chiquette, E., Angel, L., Cornell, J., Summerbell, C., Anagnostelis, B., Brand, M., Grimm, R.Jr. (1998). Dieting to reduce body weight for controlling hypertension in adults. _Cochrane Hypertension Group. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4),_ CD000484. Retrieved February 5, 2008, from COCHRANE database.Noakes, M., Clifton, P. (2004, February). Weight loss, diet composition and cardiovascular risk. _Current Opinion in Lipidology, 15_(1), 31-3 5. Retrieved February 5, 2008, from OVID MEDLINE database.Palamara, K.L., Mogul, H.R., Peterson, S.J., Frishman, W.H. (2006). Obesity new perspectives and pharmacotherapies. _Cardiology in Review, 14_(5), 238-58. Retrieved February 7, 2008, from OVID MEDLINE database.Peeters, A., OBrien, P.E., Laurie, C., Anderson, M., Wolfe, R., Flum, D., MacInnis, R.J., English, D.R., Dixon, J. (2007, December). Substantial intentional weight loss and mortality in the severely obese. _Annals of Surgery, 246_(6), 1028-33. Retrieved February 7, 2008, from OVID MEDLINE database.Pirozzo, S., Summerbell, C., Cameron, C., Glasziou, P. (2002). Advice on low-fat diets for obesity. _Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2),_ CD003640. Retrieved February 5, 2008, from COCHRANE database.Richardson, C.R., Newton, T.L., Abraham, J.J., Sen, A., Jimbo, M., Swartz, A.M. (2008, Jan-Feb). A meta-analysis of pedometer-based walkinginterventions and weight loss. _ Annals of Family Medicine, 6_(1), 69-77. Retrieved February 7, 2008, from CINAHL database.Shaw, K., Gennat, H., ORourke, P., Del Mar, C. (2006). Exercise for overweight or obesity. _Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4),_ CD003817. Retrieved February 5, 2008, from COCHRANE database.Shaw, K., ORourke, P., Del Mar, C., Kenardy, J. (2005). Psychological interventions for overweight or obesity. _Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2),_ CD003818. Retrieved February 7, 2008, from COCHRANE database.Teixeira, P.J., Going, S.B., Houtkooper, L.B., Cussler, E.C., Metcalfe, L.L., Blew, R.M., Sardinha, L.B., Lohman, T.G. (2006, Jan). Exercise motivation, eating, and body image variables as predictors of weight control. _Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 38_(1), 179-88. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from OVID MEDLINE database.Vlassov, V.V., (2001). Weight reduction for reducing morta lity in obesity and overweight. _Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3),_ CD003203. Retrieved February 5, 2008, from COCHRANE database.

Racial Diversity Worksheet

According to Wikipedia Encyclopedia African Americans have experienced significant changes in their economic, hearty and political standings since the Civil Rights Movement. African Americans have more access to getting a higher education, a better paying job, and they are more voluminous in the American political process than any other minority group in the United States. Even though you still see umpteen African Americans living in poverty, struggling to survive, and having limited access to healthcare, you also see umpteen African Americans working extremely hard to accomplish many great things. galore(postnominal) of them have great jobs, own their own homes, and are living a wonderful life totally together. For example, Barrack Obama beat all the betting odds and became the first African American President of the United States. Barrack Obama survived being and average American to complete school, go to college, raise a family, and eventually decent the President. He is ch anging the way the average African American and Americans in general are viewed and what their potential standings in economic, social, and political America bequeath be.I know that President Obama is having a lot of issues rightnow and non looking like a good role model, but at ace point he was someone that African Americans and all Americans did look up to.1. There are two definitions for racism. The first definition of racism is the belief that draw accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others. The second definition of racism is discrimination or preconceived notion based on race. There are many ways that racism affects diversity. Racism keeps people away from people of different races and with that happening they are not learning about all the different ethnic backgrounds.2.According to the National Journal the interactions of racial groups has become more positive than negative or neutral. Many people do not see the ir friends and neighbors as different races even though they are. Today many people are open to diversity. They are unforced to learn more about the different cultural backgrounds, because of the potential day to day interaction with friends, family, and neighbors.3. Even though we the people believe that we are all equal there is still existing social inequities based on race. African Americans and Latinos are more likely to live in high- poverty communities than unworthy white people.This means that African Americans and Latino are at high risk of not being to have quality schools, housing, healthcare, affordable consumer credit, or anything else that will help them to get out of poverty.4. I believe that the causes of racial prejudice and discrimination in todays society is people are afraid to give a person of another racial group a chance to prove who the really are. Many people live in the past and are brought up to believe that their racial group is superior over any other racial group. Many of these people are stuck in their own ways and are not open to any change.

Peter Singer: The Golden Rule

World poverty is arguably at the forefront of issues plaguing our society as a whole today. I found an article displaying most of Peter vocalists thought experiments that will further help display his beliefs. In his essay The Singer Solution to World Poverty, origination-renowned author and philosopher Singer claims he has the solution. Singer asserts that materialism is the roadblock preventing the third human macrocosmss climb from despair into prosperity.The author begins his essay by detailing two thought experiments the first recounts a Brazilian film, central Station, in which the main harasser, Dora, unknowingly causes a young boy to be sold into the organ trade. After some debates as to Odors real motives, as salutary as further contemplation, Dora decides to rescue the boy (Singer).Singer applauds Odors actions and notes that had Dora decided the boys fate was not her responsibility and kept the money she gained as a result of her part, the movies audience would chi p in demonic her conversely she maintains a positive light in the eyes of those watching the movie only by rescuing the boy. Singer further notes however, that most of those equal to go see a movie, argon in a better place than Dora herself, explaining how what she gave up to save the boy was of greater value than the audience could join to (Singer).Singer then raises an ethical fountainhead What is the difference between Dora selling the child into the organ trade, and the average American who chooses not to donate money to organizations that could benefit a child in similar situation of need? Singer acknowledges the situational differences of physically putting a child in that situation comp bed to mere inaction, yet, pointing out that he is a utilitarian philosopher he claims the end results are the name (Singer). Singers future(a) thought experiment details a character named Bob who is cockeyed to retreat and owns a very valuable classic car.To sum things up Bob finds himse lf in a situation where a child is dangerously trapped on a withdraw track. Bob is the only one around and the only way he can save the child is by diverting the train down a separate track, resulting in the destruction of the car. In the story, Bob chooses not to divert the coming train, the child is killed, and bob proceeds on in his life with the car, which brings him years of enjoyment and financial security (Singer). Singer argues that Bobs actions are clearly morally incorrect, and claims most would agree.However, Singer states that most readers who would quickly condemn Bobs actions are not much different. Singer cites calculations saying the $200 in donations, after all the deductions made by organizations and politics, would essentially save the life of an imperiled toddler in a third world country, or at least give them a significant chance at reaching adulthood (Singer). Singer next argues those who have money to spare and do not donate it, are effectively as morally wro ng as Bob, who watched a hill brutally die (Singer).Singer goes on to detail how much of the western world has massive wealth surpluses. He again cites research claiming the average American base spends close to forty percent, or twenty thousand dollars annually on superfluous spending. Singer marvels at how many children that small amount of money could save, and continues to detail that patch a household income an increase, its requirement spending proportionately does not, freeing up even more unneeded income. Through this logic Singer claims a household devising $100,000 annually, could donate nearly $70,000.Singer wraps his argument up with a simple equation all money being spent on luxuries and anything other than a necessity, should be given away. Furthermore, all money being spent on luxuries is indirectly resulting in the deaths of innocent youth, and those doing the spending, are morally responsible for avoidable deaths of deprive children. Singer aims to demonstrate , that speckle Bob likely thought he was quite unlucky to be put in such a situation, in fact he was not, and all of us with additional income are in the same boat.Clearly, Singer hopes to open the eyes of richer nations and invoke a sense of accessibility towards making their extraneous means count toward the worlds well being, and arguably he does so. With the demonstrations of the detailed stories I explained former, Singer indeed executed his beliefs fairly well. Anyone with a conscious and correctly moral compass can admit the life of another human being is worth saving, many would agree it would not hurt to give up western luxuries to do so.Singer makes it easy to see how the wealth of the western world could ago long way in restoring health and prosperity into some areas of the world which are very much in need. On the surface Singers conclusion we ought to give a country in famine aid seems like it would pee great. In the long run, Singers plan will not be successful. L ets break down the logical component of Singers argument. First off, Singer relies almost entirely on his consequentiality ethics this has some telling drawbacks.While the worldwide effect of such thinking is usually positive, since such ethics rely on cost/ benefit analysis, the hard conclusions are rarely so simple. A reoccurring problem with such thinking is the secondary, and tertiary effects are not usually factored in. Once we apply that vituperative template to Singers thinking, some momentous issues emerge, namely, economics. If we as Americans were to take all our extraneous income, and simply donate it to countries in need, what would the end result be?The economic ramifications would gigantic, and while this may seem extreme, we could wind up in a simple role reversal, quickly finding ourselves in need. Again, this is extreme, but it effectively demonstrates the results. Our economy relies on extraneous spending, it is the only way it can sustain itself. Simply put ther e is no re- deeding effect from donations, no recirculation of wealth, no more money to receive, and and so unnecessarily spend again. As a result, the supplemental income Singer refers to would quickly disappear.From a more cynical perspective, lets critique Singers utilitarian views on a scarier level. A more chilling result from Singers solution is population increase. As immoral as it may be, all of the children who do not live past there earlier years help keep the problem at bay. In reality if we were to embrace singers solution, a quick result would be thousands of young impoverished children last into adulthood. A lightly slower result would be all of those impoverished children growing up, and raising impoverished families, effectively multiplying the problem.While as I said, this is cynical, it is also utilitarian. What is costly for those impoverished children, is not necessarily good for society, and throwing all our extra income at them, isnt outlet to magically cur e their situation. In actuality though, my best argument for Singers solution is a simple one. Think about it, how many impoverished children are in the age bracket (toddlers) that Singer refers to? One million? 100 million? At $200 per child, that large overestimation moms out to twenty billion dollars. Initially such statistics support Singers argument.The United States alone has a gross economy in the trillions, so shaving a little off the top should go a long way to help right? In reality world poverty is not a new problem, and I can think of several wealthy westerners, who collectively could easily write a check for that. And arguably have gone a long way in their attempts to do so. This argument speaks for itself money is not the answer. While it definitely is one of the means necessary to help solve this problem, it is not the chief factor in fixing this issue. These people need societal and political reform. 200 per child is not going to halt genocide in Africa, or change th e fact that certain societies in South America simply are not conducive to in the public eye(predicate) health. All this goes to illustrate how much Singer chooses to leave out of his solution. Singer makes a solid argument, with huge social and financial implications, yet it is not without holes. The author, being both a scholar and a philosopher, has a smooth writing style, and it shows. He invokes Just the right amount of inquiry, logic, and writes with such an authority that it becomes easy to to question both his statistics and the evidence he either omitted, or did not realize.Due to this, Singers argument itself is markedly effective, making it is easy to feel compelled from the points he makes, and the illustrations he uses. He invokes soaked feelings of guilt, and assigns a social liability for the welfare of those less fortunate, but his support is ultimately less than pragmatic. While Singers intentions are pure, and to such a degree are worth of some merit, simple logi cally analysis of much of his deductively supported report shows his solution is impractical. This is not to say

Fast Food Business Plan

My business plan is to open a franchise of little Caesars in Jackson Heights, Queens NY. First lets reflection at the troubled nutrition exertion as a whole. History of the sedulousness The concept of tumultuous fodder is inspired by quaint Rome, in which bread and wine were sold in street-side stalls. In early 20th century In the United States, fast solid food history is associated with the invention of drive-in eaterys. Since then, US manufacturing of fast food has come a long way to become the largest fast food perseverance in the world. champion of the pi geniusers of this field is White Castle, was founded in Kansas, in 1921, genius of the major names when it comes to the Ameri potty fast food sector. In 1930s, the American fast food industry achieved yet another milestone when Howard Johnsons introduced the concept of franchising restaurants in the United States. NAICS Code and industry Description harmonize to NAICS Fast food restaurant 722211, The restaurant in dustry comprises establishments primarily engaged in providing food function (except snack and nonalcoholic beverage bars) where patrons superior generally ordinate or select items and pay before eating. diet and drink may be consumed on premises, taken out, or delivered to the nodes localisation of function. Some establishments in this industry may provide these food religious services in combination with selling alcoholic beverages. (Census) Growth of Industry Since 1982, consumers starting spent more(prenominal) on fast food as comp ar to disconcert service restaurant, according to figures this annual levyth rate turns into 6. 8% as comp ar to 4. 7% yield rate through 1997. This list improverd from 29. 3 to 34. 2 % between 1982 and 1997, while the restaurant proportion decreased from 41 to 35. 7 pct.As per a research of US Fast Food food merchandise Outlook 2010, despite the eliciting concerns much(prenominal) as rising health consciousness and increasing inciden ces of obesity in the US population the US fast food industry has been witnessing impressive growth for the past few years. This research shows that during the frugal down fall it was the only industry that benefited as people admit changed their food habits from spending more money on dinning outside at restaurants to fast food products. It was expected that the fast food foodstuff leave behind grow at a CAGR of around 5% during 2009-2011. . (Mark) agree to the restaurant connexion in 2010 gross sales of restaurant industry ar $580 billion these restaurants ar de terminalined over 945,000 locations, having 12. 7 million employees (one of the largest private-sector employers) across United States of America. here are slightly more facts about restaurant industry * $1. 6 billion Restaurant-industry sales on a typical mean solar day in 2010. * $2,698 Average ho handlinghold expenditure for food away from home in 2008. * 40 share of adults sum up that purchasing repasts from restaurants and take-out and actors line places makes them more productive in their day-to-day life. 73 percent of adults declare they try to eat healthier now at restaurants than they did two years ago. * 57 percent of adults say they are likely to make a restaurant option based on how much a restaurant supports charitable activities and the local community. * 78 percent of adults say they would like to receive restaurant gift cards or certificates on gift occasions. * 52 percent of adults say they would be more likely to patronize a restaurant if it offered a customer loyalty and reward program. 57 percent of adults say they are likely to make a restaurant choice based on how much a restaurant supports charitable activities and the local community. * 56 percent of adults say they are more likely to visit a restaurant that offers food grown or raised in an organic or environmentally affectionate way. * 78 percent of adults agree that going out to a restaurant with family or friends gives them an opportunity to socialize and is a better way to make use of their leisure time than cooking and cleaning up. National restaurant association-1) In New York restaurant industry is a major source of power in the states economy. This industry has key contri exactlyion to tax revenues. Restaurant industry is providing jobs to thousands of people it is becoming an emerging career option to people. They are braggart(a) the people nutritious and healthy Manu options to their customers. Restaurant industry is dedicated to protect their environment in these 4 areas, and to reduce their impact on the environment in foursome key areas * sugarability and entrepreneurship, * jobs and careers, * food and healthy living, and sustainability and social responsibility gibe to the restaurant association New York alone has more than 38,596 eating and alcoholism places, with a projection to register $ 29 billion sales in 2010. In New York in restaurant industry there are 67 3,800 employments. Here are some more important facts that contribute in the restaurant industry in states economy * New Yorks restaurants apply an additional $. 98 in sales for the state economy against every $1. * In New Yorks eating and drinking places generates an additional 23. 4 jobs in state against every pointless $1 million. The restaurant job ratio of in New York is 8 percent of employment. * By 2020 this It is expected that this industry will be able to r severally 10. 4% job growth. (National restaurant association-2) According to Construction Forecasts News & Analysis One of the major factors of fast food industrys popularity is that they offer low and affordable prices with gobs of other benefits together, despite the fact that this industry like other industries of world is face up to attends of problems one like rising prices of energy and food. However it is not been completely overcome the price hike issue.At the same time the hazards of fast food are now beco ming well known and add to it another major threat to fast food industry is the increase of the number of skillful dinners. From the past years experience it is expected from the fast food industry to charge a bit more from the full service restaurant as the customer focuses on the dinners special and values. According to FDA figures Quick service restaurants are projected to post sales of $164. 8 billion in 2010, a gain of 3. 0 percent over 2009. Sales at full-service restaurants are projected to reach $184. 2 billion in 2010, an increase of 1. 2 percent in current dollars over 2009 .It is been expected from the eating-and-drinking place segment increase by 4. 5% to show the strongest growth in 2010. This is expected from fast food industry among all commercial industry segments that the strongest growth is in retail-host restaurants with a 4. 9 percent sales increase (this segment includes the food places located in gas/service stations and drug and grocery stores). (FDA-1) A big highlight of fast food industry is the availability of meals that meet a psyches requirements. This gives a sigh of relief to those parents or partners who have to travel between work and home for a big part of the day.With a lot of variety of delicacies like fish and chips, vegetarian and non-vegetarian burgers and pizzas are served with favourable alcohol and carbonated drinks at many of these fast food restaurants. Though accessories like coleslaw, baked potatoes and drizzly peas gives the solution to have vegetables in meals but the intake of fried food is making the new age child far from the balanced diet. There are lots and lots of varieties of fast food chains like Subway, Burger King, McDonalds, Pret-a-Manger and pizza pie Hut accommodate the demands for seafood, lean meat, special diet meal components, and other right smart regional variations.Experiments within the fast food industry had created new products like snacks such as sandwiches and baguettes. Fast food in dustry is alike fulfilling the customers demand of dry of semi-dry meals which the customer can cook those meals in their own kitchen with less sum total of time. Most fast food restaurants are now have different style of food which is related to different cultures. This industry now flourishes on international appeal promoted by niche chains.At many outlets and drive-ins, the customers can see the food being prepared, so that they can be satisfy that the food they are going to have in that fast food restaurant is completely safe and made in hygienic conditions. Unvarying menus, special traded marks and a unique atmosphere can be observed at these take-away services and sit-ins all over the world. Eat-on-the-go is another unique style of fast food which just not removes the need for traditional cutlery, but also provides the choice to the customers to treat their foods in their own traditional or cultural style in their own selected atmosphere.The common menus include pitas, frie d chicken, nuggets and tacos, served along with complimentary salads and breads. The fast food industry is now operating independent vendors. These venders have set standardized cooking, and production methods, and easy availability of low-cost delicacies. In 2009 because of the economic fall the restaurant industry also lost jobs. Regardless of the losses, the industry is still outperforming the national economy, and job growth is expected to resume in 2010. muted this industry re mains one of the nations largest private sector employers with its 12. million employees. By 2020, the industry is expected to employ 14 million more people with an increase of 1. 3 million jobs. Colorado is expected to post the strongest sales growth in 2010 at 2. 9 percent (2010 industry sales of $8. 7 billion), followed by Idaho at 2. 8 percent ($1. 6 billion). Forecasted to post growth of 2. 7 percent New Jersey ($12. 8 billion), New York ($29. 0 billion), North Carolina ($12. 8 billion) and Texas ($ 34. 8 billion). The top states by restaurant sales volume in 2009 will be California at $58. 0 billion (2. percent growth) Texas at $34. 8 billion (2. 7 percent growth) New York at $29. 0 billion (2. 7 percent growth) Florida at $27. 6 billion (2. 4 percent growth) and Illinois at $18. 7 billion (1. 9 percent growth). In American from last few years people are been converted in to fast food choices . as in 1970, the Americans spent a total of $6 billion on fast food the same am the same amount increased to $110 billion by 2000. According to the fast food industry statistics, this industry experienced an overall growth of 4. 8 percent in 2006 alone. Mark D) Even though, economically we are still in resection but expectations look quite positive from this industry. The following table looks at the forecast PE ratios of some of the companys competitors ( inventory Market review) Market Share According to the stock market analysis the top players of this industry are McDonalds, Yum Bra nd, Wendys/Arbys, Starbucks, Burger king, and Doctors Assoc/Subway, the following map shows the market share of selected competitors Company Revenues (M) Net Income (M) Net Margin Restaurants Franchised % McDonalds (MCD) $22,745 $4,551 20. % 32,478 81% Yum Brands (YUM) $10,836 $1,083 10. 0% 37,000 Starbucks (SBUX) $9,775 $391 4. 0% 16,635 47% Wendys International (WEN) $3,581 $4 0. 1% 6,451 80% Burger King Holdings (BKC) $2,537 $200 7. 9% 11,925 88% Data from company FY 2009 annual reports (CKE data from FY annual, ended January 31, 2010). (Stock Market review-1) Although from the above figure it is very obvious that McDonalds has a clear edge over all his competitors, but still this industry is the vanquish example of perfect competition. In economic theory,perfect competitiondescribes markets such that no participants are large enough to have the market powerto set the price of a homogeneous product. Because the conditions for perfect competition are strict, there are few if any perfectly competitive markets. Still, buyers and sellers in some auction-type markets say for commoditiesor some financial assets may approximate the concept. absolute competition serves as a benchmark against which to measure real-life and imperfectly competitive markets. (Michael R. Baye)Profitability of the industry under perfect competition As I utter fast food industry is an example of perfect competition market, so the question is how much have an individual company has to determine the price or decide the profit margin? To answer this question we need to look at the theoretical concept of economic, as per the economic concept In ancestry to a monopolyor oligopoly, it is impossible for a firm in perfect competition to earn economic profitsin the long run, which is to say that a firm cannot make any more money than is necessary to cover its economic costs.In order not to misinterpret this zero-long-run-profits thesis, it must be remembered t hat the term profit is also used in other ways. Neoclassical theory defines profit as what is left of revenue after all costs have been subtracted, including general interest on capital plus the normal excess over it required to cover jeopardize, and normal salary for managerial activity.Classical economists on the contrary defined profit as what is left after subtracting costs except interest and risk coverage thus, if one leaves aside risk coverage for simplicity, the neoclassical zero-long-run-profit thesis would be re-expressed in classical parlance as profits coinciding with interest in the long period, i. e. the rate of profit tending to coincide with the rate of interest. Profits in the classical meaning do not tend to disappear in the long period but tend to normal profit.With this terminology, if a firm is earning abnormal profit in the short term, this will act as a trigger for other firms to inject the market. As other firms enter the market the market supply wrench w ill shift out causing prices to fall. Existing firms will react to this cast down price by adjusting their capital stock downward. This adjustment will cause their marginal cost to shift to the left causing the market supply curve to shift inward. However, the net effect of entry by new firms and adjustment by existing firms will be to shift the supply curve outward.The market price will be driven down until all firms are earning normal profit only. (Michael R. Baye-1) It is important to note that perfect competition is a sufficient condition for allocate and productive efficiency, but it is not a necessary condition. In perfect competition if a company want to control price in the market it is important for the company to get involve in some kind of merger activities which give the company some extra powers over pricing a good example of such an activity is to bound the suppliers in some kind of contracts and restricting then to supply their products to your competitors.As we have seen this industry is growing with every passing year, so lets discuss some of the marketing plan for the business in general the marketing plan for myopic Caesars pizza pie lose its the companys present state, the environment in which the company is competing in, and projections for the upcoming year. As a new location for the current franchise owners in a severely competitive market, many solutions will be offered to help flyspeck Caesars pizza pie advance in its market share locally here in Jackson Heights, Queens NY.We will build on the main corporate vision of piffling Caesars pizza, which is To be the best take-home pizza chain by haping customer expectations with extraordinary value, great tasting products, and outstanding people while providing strong returns to our stakeholders (Little Caesars Pizza Franchise Opportunities About Us 2011). A set of goals have been organized, all of which will contribute to the success of this franchise location in the upcoming years . We analyze its strengths and weaknesses that this particular Little Caesars Pizza is facing in its current atmosphere.The strengths including quality customer service through family owned franchises, constantly expanding into new markets and quality products are essential to it and must continually be emphasized throughout the organization. Other opportunities are laid out that must be taken advantage of for growth to occur. After analyzing and averaging data of current exercises we have calculated projected gross sales to be around $382,225. 00. Expenses and taxes would be taken from this to reach a net income for the year. The organizational structure of the Little Caesars Enterprises is quite structured.The family oriented atmosphere that it continues to impose in its franchises help develop a more personable alliance with its customers and develop a strong and healthy work environment. Little Caesars is an industry leader and will continue to grow in its current operations. Strategic platform/ Focus The following portion demonstrates four aspects of Little Caesars Pizzas business strategy influencing in our marketing plan. (1) The mission/vision, (2) goals, (3) core competence/sustainable competitive advantage, and (4) incorporated Philosophy of Little Caesars Pizza. 1 Mission/VisionThe mission of Little Caesars Pizza is, as described on the corporate web-site To be the best take-home pizza chain by exceeding customer expectations with extraordinary value, great tasting products, and outstanding people while providing strong returns to our stakeholders (Little Caesars Pizza Franchise Opportunities About Us 2006). The Radford Manager agrees that they follow the corporate mission statement and use it as a model in day to day operations. 2 Goals Little Caesars Pizza maintains a strong focus on value, great tasting pizza, and convenience. Financial Goals To make enough profit to exceed the initial start-up cost of the franchise. * To minimize expense s while still offering premium ingredients and customer service. * To increase sales by 10% from the first year of operation through promotion and customer service. Non-Financial Goals * To uphold the corporate mission/vision. * To obtain a good reputation mainly from the student population as get their moneys worth and holding a good customer relationship while maintaining outstanding customer service. * To create and maintain a blissful and healthy work environment Core Competencies and Sustainable Competitive Advantage When discussing Little Caesars Pizzas core competency, there are two main objectives it seeks to achieve (1) Supply convenient high-quality, competitively priced, pizza to the communitys population. (2) To deliver the pizza products in a timely manner with exceptional customer service. To transform these core competencies into a sustainable competitive advantage, Little Caesars will maintain quality relationships with its suppliers while continuing to emphasize customer service to employees. Corporate Philosophy At the heart of Little Caesars Pizzas philosophy is a profound commitment to give derriere to the communities that sustain its business. Little Caesars Pizza and its franchisees are devoted to numerous organizations throughout the United States. One of the most significant programs Little Caesars has founded is a nationally recognized program called the come Kitchen, a pizza restaurant on wheels, and was established in 1985 by Little Caesars founders to feed the homeless and hungry in the United States and Canada.Since its start, the Love Kitchen has fed more than 1. 5 million people in need. In addition to visiting soup kitchens and homeless shelters, the Love Kitchen also responds to disasters, including the recent hurricanes in the Gulf chute area, the site of the World Trade Center attacks on September 11, 2001, and the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building bombing in Oklahoma City in 1995. The Little Caesars Love Kitchen has received presidential declaration from the Reagan, Bush and Clinton Administrations, as well as a certificate of appreciation from the State of Michigan.Its franchisees support the Love Kitchen by providing food and labor for servings in their markets. There are no fees associated with the Love Kitchen for the driver, the vehicle, or fuel. Franchisees find it very rewarding to support the Love Kitchen in their communities. (Little Caesars Pizza Franchise Opportunities Philosophy, 2011) Target Markets The primary target market for Little Caesars Pizza is middle and low income families who desire to pay a low amount of money for a large portion of food to feed their family members.The secondary market consists of students who have little or no income and rely on odd-job(prenominal) jobs or money from elsewhere to fund their food budget. Points of Difference The points of difference that differentiates the company from its competitors fall into three important areas Superior Ingredi ents. Little Caesars uses superior ingredients and offers a variety of foods which includes sandwiches and side items. Compared to other pizza places that only focuses on one product which is pizza. Family Owned Environment.The owners of the Little Caesars Pizza value customer service and contentment and emphasize this to its employees. Affordability. The fast food industry provides a variety of cheap menu items which makes it affordable to many people. Positioning In the past, pizza products have been every fast but lacked quality or focused on quality but was time consuming, but not both. Little Caesars Pizza combines these two preferable characteristics to obtain a positioning in consumers minds as fast and high quality pizza, which allows customers to order them fresh out of the oven and tasty (Little Caesar Enterprises, Inc. 2011). Marketing Program The four marketing elements that are used by Little Caesars are explained in detail below. The promotion strategy is the most evident with the Hot-N-Ready deal that it offer. Product dodge Little Caesars is known for its pepperoni and cheese pizzas being readily available whenever you want. It also offer different crust styles, bread products, wings, sandwiches, and salads. Little Caesars emphasizes its use of only the finest ingredients to serve the highest quality products to its customers that are expecting more for their money.Product Line Online menu Original Round Pizza-(12, 14, 16,* 18*) Deep Dish Pizza-(medium or large) Pizza by the Slice-(cheese or pepperoni) Baby PAN PAN -(two individual-sized deep dish pizzas w/ cheese and pepperoni) Crazy Bread-(8 sticks, topped with butter, garlic, and Parmesan cheese) Crazy Sauce-(Little Caesars exclusive tomato sauce) Italian Cheese Bread-(bread covered with melted cheese topped w/ Italian spices) Caesar Wings-(Hot, medium, or mild chick wings 5, 10, 20, 30 pieces) Caesar Sandwiches*-(Italian, Ham and Cheese, Tuna)Salads-(Greek, Tossed, Antipasto w/ choice of dressing individual family) Toppings extra cheese, pepperoni, Italian sausage, ham, beef topping, green pepper, onion, black olive, mushroom, bacon, pineapple, banana pepper rings, tomato, and anchovies Typical Menu Cheese only 1st pizza 2nd pizza Toppings 12 medium $7. 49 $6. 00 $0. 75 each 14 large $9. 49 $7. 00 $1. 00 each 16 x-large $11. 49 $8. 00 $1. 25 each Specialty Pizzas Meat sauce, Veggie, Supreme, Pepperoni 1st pizza 2nd pizza 12 Medium $9. 49 $6. 00 14 Large $12. 49 $7. 00 16 X-Large $15. 49 $8. 00 Stuffed change surface additional $2. 0 for any size pizza (Mozzarella Stuffed Crust) Additional Items Wings (BBQ, Italian, Hot) $0. 40/each Crazy Bread and Sauce $2. 49 Slices (Pepperoni or Cheese) $1. 59 Soft Drinks (20 oz / 2-Ltr) $1. 09/ $1. 99 Coke, Diet Coke, Sprite, Dasani Unique Product Quality. Mentioned earlier, Little Caesars uses the best ingredients to serve its customers the highest quality products. The dough that it uses is always fresh which uses flour th at is specially refined every day. Its special blends of cheeses are never frozen and it also uses the vine-ripened tomatoes to make the sauce, along with Little Caesars secret blend of spices. Packaging.Little Caesars uses its boxes to advertise its number one promotion. The pizza boxes are covered with the Hot-N-Ready logo. You can also find a few coupons on the box to be cut out and used. This helps bring its customers back by reminding them of the great deals Little Caesars offer every time its customer goes back for another piece of pizza. Price Strategy Affordability is Little Caesars number one price strategy. Its most recognized price strategy, as mentioned before, is the Hot-N-Ready pizzas for five dollars. This is its main price strategy however it also offers deals on the second pizza that you order at a set price.Little Caesars tries to make its food more desirable through price creating the attitude that you can get more for your money with convenience and great taste. Promotion Strategy The promotion strategy that Little Caesars has is primarily the Hot-N-Ready pizzas for five dollars. By having the Hot-N-Ready offer, it attracts many families that need a sufficient meal quick and cheap. Instead of delivering these pizzas, Little Caesars wants to make its customers experience a more personal approach by having its customers pick up their pizzas.This helps the customers build a relationship with Little Caesars and keeps them coming back for more, which other companies lack by using the delivery service. This company does a great thing for families with pizza being such a hot commodity these days, it is offering great convenience for little money (Little Caesar Enterprises, Inc. , 2011). Little Caesars also has certain promotions like Family Fun Pack, where Hasbro has combined with Little Caesars to have a drawing for four Hasbro games and one Family Pizza Party. It also offers sports deals for the sports fans.Little Caesars focuses on cheap and c onvenient food and achieve this with all its promotions. Little Caesars expectation of growth comes from its strategic planning and development. These strategies will be shown in the opening of more franchises and the spreading of its innovative promotional tactics most lately the Hot-N-Ready slogan. This slogan is meant to aim towards value-oriented markets and focus on the quality of the Little Caesars product. Implementing these strategies of quality, freshness, and including price with their $5 pizza deal, will help the company increase revenues, broaden its market, and grow as a company.The local Little Caesars in Radford should focus on implementing more advertising and low-cost student discounts. As the only advertising they do now is done all by corporate as part of the franchise, no additional campaign is done on the owners behalf. Also it should consider the delivery option due to the main target market locally is students, due to the lack of ability of and/or willingness of students to pick-up their own pizza. This poses a big problem with the local Little Caesars because competitors like Highlanders and Mikes Pizza are providing a good product with convenience of free delivery.Marketing on Campus with flyers and coupons should be a focus as well as to obtain recognition of the students. Most students do not go through catalogs or look online for food deals they simply use what is given to them and what they know. Work cited Census U. S. Census Bureau code and description of industry 2007, retrieved on 03-30-2011 http//www. census. gov/cgi-bin+/sssd/naics/naicsrch FDA-1 According to FDA figures Quick service restaurants are projected to post sales of $164. 8 billion in 2010, a gain of 3. 0 percent over 2009. Retrieved on 03-31-2011 from http//www. da. gov/food/ FDA-2 According to the FDC Act is protected through episodic unannounced chitchations of facilities and products, educational activities, analysis of samples, and legal proceedings. Retrieve d on 03-31-2011 from http//www. fda. gov/food/ FDA-3 According to FDC local governments inspect restaurants, fast food spots and similar outlets, U. S. State and Local Governments is doing an important role in these federal efforts, state and local governments are extremely wide awake in the food inspection. Retrieved on 03-31-2011from http//www. fda. gov/food/FDA-4 According to FDA Trend Analysis Report on the Occurrence of Food borne Illness Risk Factors in Selected institutional Foodservice, Restaurant, and Retail Food Store Facility Types (1998-2008). Data items Showing Statistically Significant Improvement in fast food industry. Retrieved on 03-31-2011 http//www. fda. gov/food/labelingnutrition/default. htm FDA-5 According to FDA Trend Analysis Report on the Occurrence of Food borne Illness Risk Factors in Selected Institutional Foodservice, Restaurant, and Retail Food Store Facility Types (1998-2008). circumstances of observations found in compliance for each risk factor.Ret rieved on 03-31-2011 http//www. fda. gov/food/labelingnutrition/default. htm Hoover According to building forecasts, take information from Hoovers Retrieved on 04-02-2011, from www. hoovers. com Hoover-1 According to construction forecasts, take information from Hoovers Retrieved on 04-02-2011, from www. hoovers. com Mark According to Causes and Consequences of Fast Food Sales Growth written by Mark D. Jekanowski, Retrieved on 03-15-2011 www. econ. ag. gov Mark D According to Causes and Consequences of Fast Food Sales Growth written by Mark D. Jekanowski, retrieved on 03-15-2011 www. con. ag. gov Michael R. Baye According to Managerial Economics and the Business Strategy 7e, Retrieved on 04-02-2011. Michael R. Baye-1 According to Managerial Economics and the Business Strategy 7e, Retrieved on 04-02-2011. National restaurant association-1 According to the restaurant association in 2010 sales of restaurant industry are $580 billion these restaurants are located over 945,000 locations , having 12. 7 million employees (one of the largest private-sector employers) across United States of America. Retrieved on 03-28-2011 from http//www. restaurant. rg National restaurant association-2 According to the restaurant association New York alone has more than 38,596 eating and drinking places, with a projection to register $ 29 billion sales in 2010. Retrieved on03-28-2011 from http//www. restaurant. org/pdfs/research/state/newyork. pdf Stock Market review According to the stock market analysis, the forecast of future growth rate of top companies in the industry. Retrieved on 04-05-2011 from http//www. stockmarketsreview. com/recommendations/mcdonalds_report_20101115_59520/ Stock Market review-1 According to the stock market analysis, the market share of top companies in the industry.Retrieved on 04-05-2011 from http//www. stockmarketsreview. com/recommendations/mcdonalds_report_20101115_59520/ Franchising. Com http//www. franchising. com/littlecaesarspizza/? p=pressid=165 Hoovers http//www. hoovers. com/free/co/factsheet. xhtml? COID=59853cm_ven=PAIDc m_cat= mintcm_pla=CO1cm_ite=Ilitch_Holdings Little Caesars Pizza Franchise Opportunities About Us. 2011 http//franchise. littlecaesars. com/STEP1Research/MissionStatement/tabid/60/Defaul t. aspx.