AS OCR Biology Planning Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AS OCR Biology Planning Exercise - Essay ExampleThe blue indicator will go colourless in the social movement of active enzymes, therefore indicating living cells are present and are respiring.Reagents10% suspension of yeast in the instructions we were told we could use either dried/ refreshed bakers yeast. I will use fresh bakers yeast due to possible problems with dried bakers yeast e.g. clumping into grains so harder to count due to dehydration.c. Prepare water bath at 20, 40, 60 and 80C (Independent variables). Its better to raise the temperature of the water baths bit by bit as a rapid increase can overwhelm the enzymes and denature them, meaning unreliable results.a. Take 1ml of the yeast solution from each test tube. absent the sample to ice bath. The purpose is to reduce the metabolism and reproduction of the yeast but keep them alive. Drop 1 ml of methylene blue one by one and wait for 30 seconds. (Do the same to the control and identify the existence of yeast in the glu cose solution.)All of the above procedures were used in my preliminary and the difficulty I found was in counting the yeast cells as accurately as possible with using the microscope. I later discovered another piece of equipment could commence been used to measure the total number of cells, called a haemocytometer. I obtained the following resultsWhat the trend shows is that as temperature increases the % of Yeast cells that re principal(prenominal) active decrease. Therefore we say the deuce values are inversely proportional. From the point the temperature reaches 40C there is a rapid drop in Yeast viability as the enzymes become denatured and the high temperatures interefere with the shapes of the active sites. So what I can conclude is that the tempertature of interest for the main investigation is between 40C to 50C. Therefore for the main experiment I can can separate the temperature into groups 40-42, 42-44, 44-46, 46-48, 48-50. I can therefore

The Milk Chain Essay Example for Free

The Milk Chain EssayMalawi Dairybord is a home for dairy outputs. Rogers has run the dairy for the past twelve age. His product is a combination of goods the items he delivers and services the delivery and associated jobs he does for customers. At the heart of operations is an information system which contains full details of all of Rogerss 1000 plus customers, including their regular orders, special orders, where to deliver, how they pay and so on. Everyday the system calculates the likely sales of all products in two days time. Rogers adds roughly margin of safety allows for likely variations and passes his order to Unidairy some 150km away. Unidairy acts as a wholesaler for milkmen in Bvumbwe and surrounding argonas. The following evening Unidairy delivers to a holding transshipment center in Limbe and then takes Rogers goods 10km to a cold store in Njuli. At 5. 30am the following morning Roger collects the order from his cold store and starts delivering to customers. This normally takes until 1. 30 in the afternoon but on Fridays he spends more time collecting money and often finishes after 5.0pm There are several limited problems facing Malawi Dairybord. There is for example some variation in daily demand so Roger has to carry spare stock. He cannot carry too such(prenominal) as dairy products have a short life and anything not delivered is thrown away. Roger aims at keeping this waste down to 2% of sales. There are also problems maintaining a service during holidays, or when Unidairy has difficulties with their deliveries. Perhaps Rogers main concern is maintaining his sales over the long term. Demand for doorstep deliveries is declining as deal buy more milk at supermarkets.The number of milkmen in Bvumbwe has declined from ten in 1997 to three in 2012. Most of Rogers customers have been with him for many years but he generates new custom delivering leaflets, special offers and carrying a range of products. Case study questions Describe the su pply chain for milk Where does Malawi Dairybord fit into this? What specific activities form the logistics in Malawi Dairybord. Draw the supply chain network What are the main problems that Malawi Dairybord has with logistics?

Love and Everyday Life Theory Essay Example for Free

Love and Everyday Life Theory EssaySecond, I stress on my first gear retire experience and use the liquefiable love system of Bauman to analyze, additional I will discuss why I excite this relationship and how can I enjoy it from the theory of Beck, U. and Beck-Gernsheim, E. Third, I will demonstrate my recent current emotion situation and discuss the new forms of love with the theory of Batchelor, S. Fourth, I will integr every in all(prenominal)y analyze the three external love and indicate the self-realisation what I get from the three love experiences as well as with the theory of Beck, U. and Beck-Gernsheim, E.Before I show the process of my first love relationship, I analyzed that the reason why I intended to chicken feed a relationship is that my everyday life was so repeating boring and I did non accept a belief like religion. In addition to it, which is or so important, I had no feeling about connecting with other passel from any communities. In senior hig h cultivate, all of the thing I had to or I simply can do by studying in my everyday life. There are no clubs or activities in my senior high school in order to let students focus on studying so that students can get a high grade in the Gaokao.However, I had no interest in studying the boring and actually useless(prenominal) be intimateledge to deal with the Gaokao. Unfortunately, I was supervised to strike the assignment like the exercises of universal gravity commonplace life by teachers and my parents so that I had no chance and time to get a rival with new ideas and beliefs about life. Moreover, I got not so much touch with my classmates which are the roughly primary community I had because everyone is busy on their studying. Furthermore, I regarded the love as the entrust and idealisation due to copious propaganda from the media to a certain(a) extent.According to Beck and Beck-Gernsheim (1995), the transition from pre-modern partnership to modern society accelerated t he commodity and individualization process, change the relationship amidst people and cut people from their traditional ties, beliefs and social connection and religion which are lead by the enlightenment and the industrial revolution. However, with the vanish of our faith and rationalize from the material which induct people accept more education and come back more about life, love is regarded as a succedaneum replacing the group, becoming the hope and idealization of people, and lead people to believe and devote themselves to it.Hence, it is proved that the reason why I chose to start a relationship with a girl is not naturally there emerged a girl I liked, but I had no value or beliefs or communities to guide my activities according to this theory. Coming from the enemy saying, by and by a period time, I started to reduce the time on study, and found that there were other boys like me who are not interested in studying, so we built a group to do something together even cut a class. later that, I would not like starting a relationship imminently. Therefore, this change also supports the theory refers to why people choose to love from an opposite aspect.Nevertheless, it is stated by Beck and Beck-Gernsheim (1995), that divorce figures are extraordinary people who in love or marriage always complain that why living together is so difficult and why cant clutches a long and meaningful love. As for this phenomenon, the fluidity love theory of Bauman may give an appropriate explanation for it. Finally, I believe that for modern young people, the propensity they start a love experience is not whole the effect of no beliefs and no communities, but also the propaganda effect of love of contemporary bundle media.Combining my earliest love experience and the theory of liquid love, it is a typical liquid love. In the summer after the Gaokao, I went to a holiday tallyr attraction when I met my first girlfriend. I met her at an outdoor bar. We began by huck sterting and drinking, which are similar to the whole people to do in the bar. To a certain extent, this behavior for me may be influenced by the media about what happens in the bar and the environment around us. Then we kept touching with each other after that night. I stayed in that place for a month and before the night I left, we are agreed to start a relationship.The relationship here is not a general relationship in the dictionary because we both knew we were not in the same city, same college and she was deuce years older than me. However, we did not make a commitment that there is a responsibility between us. After that time and until we broke up, we did not see each other anymore. So the about vital thing is all the approaches we kept contact with are the Internet and the mobile phone. We sent messages and chat on video every day. The conversation satiate is stereotyped about everyday life in college, and it is irrelevant with commitment.This situation lasts two months an d ends up on a sustain which may lead us to break up. I went to her site and saw her on a holiday and it is confused that we can talk to each other fluently but at that day there were a obstruct separating our conversation. I think that the obstruct is afraid of responsibility. After that meet, we broke up. It is indicated that this kind of love is defined as the liquid love in the liquid modern society (Lee, 2003). To define liquid love, liquid society is supposed to be introduced.Liquid modernity is proposed by Bauman (2003) that all forms of social construction are rootless and all of the traditional notions are destroyed not to be durable owing to the commodity in liquid modernity society. And in this society some purportedly fixed and indestructible ties of family, class, religion, marriage and perhaps even love arent as reliable or as desirable as they were. Bauman quotes, In a consumer culture like ours, which favours products ready for instant use, quick fixes, instantaneo us satisfaction, results calling for no protracted effort, foolproof recipes, all-risk insurance policy and money-back guarantees.It is summarized that the value and idea people own is influenced by the commercial purpose because except it social hierarchies do not form instantly other society power or beliefs especially in capitalist society which called liquid life. So when targeting consumers accepted the value designed by marketing strategies, the value is only effective for a short period, never extended term because the marketing strategies are transitory and always change. Everyday Life today is filled with elements of liquid, most people cant reject its liquid characteristic.Take the place where I meet the girl, the marketing strategies in bar are encouraging people meet unexpectedly and developing the dubious connection. I was influenced by it and the environment so that I chose to chat with a girl not because I like her so much. Moreover, love is regarded as a consumer s atisfactorys which are supposed to be yielding like any extra goods people consume. People give themselves the appropriate rights to consume love, something must be given consumers just like expectation from further purchases.Thats a factor why we break up. I expect my goods can be novel, various and disposable, If my love cant return my need for the factors when we pick up and utilize the goods, I will abandon this goods. In a word, the most innate elements like families, love and sex are obeying economic rules, In addition to the commodity of love, the most significant character distinguished from traditional love in liquid love is that people are afraid of assuming the responsibilities but they also enjoy the advantages of a relationships.The embody of steering of the responsibilities is not daring to make a binding commitment and use the being connected to replace the relationship. Although it is uncertain whether the intercourse technologies like the Internet and mobile pho ne facilitate the less responsibilities relationship and offer a approach for people who do not extremity to commit themselves to achieve a internet relationships or that emerges is benefited by communication technologies, It is sure that people are unstrained to accept to be a part of the communication technologies network to avoid the responsibilities.The only tools I used to keep touch with that girl is communication technologies which may offer me more imagination so that we can reduce the quality and quantity in our communication, after all it is not possible that I meet her everyday but just talk about the details in life and not refer to the early and responsibilities of our love. After the break-up, I can jabbered into mobile phones, addictively texted and leaped between kinds of chat room, deleted a date which wrote for my ex-girlfriend without pain.It is summarized that we immediately feel a sense of belonging, like purchasing, I picked her so she is belong to me. From psychology, Bauman (2003) concludes the duality of liquid love, that is, less responsibilities as a balance problem of freedom and security according to Freud. It also confirms the theory of Beck, U. and Beck-Gernsheim, E, I start a love because I want to detect a security to make up the lack of communities, however, I chose the liquid love because I want to be free from a relationship. And at the end of this experience, I found he sign of break-up, so I increased the time of video chat and went to her site to see her in order to fix the relationship. Nevertheless, the opposite consequence indicated what Bauman writes. attempts to tame the wayward and domesticate the riotous, to make the unknowable predictable and enchain the free-roaming all such things sound the death knell to love. Ultimately, it is related to a definition problem that is what is love, the courage to participate in the process or the process makes us beautiful.Take my experience as a example, My part motivatio n of being together with the girl is the girl is beautiful and smart so that after I can promote my image and level in love, I can show I have a experience of love and I know what love it is. Love makes me feel beautiful. This refers to a question that what is real love and that the highest form of love is. My decision is not to be the highest form of love, so I start a liquid love. And the question about the different types of love, I will use my second love experience and the four love theory of C. S. Lewis to analyze.According to Lewis (1960), my second love experience is a type of need-love. After the initial love experience, I was single for one year. I felt lonely(prenominal) sometimes especially when my roommates took their girlfriend outside of meal. So I decided to start my second love experience. When I firstly have a touch with this girl just because I thought she is pretty and I had no idea what characteristic this girl has. Afterward I made huge boost rapidly in just few days from chatting in the dinner time or the mobile phone. From we start a relationship to the break-up. It withdraws less than two months.At this period, the thing we did together every day can be concluded as three types of thing. First, we took the male together every day. Second, we sent good nights to each other every night from mobile phones. Third, she sent gifts or some daily stuff to me when I am busy. As for the break-up factor, I think there is no need-relationship existing for me. I felt bored about this mechanization love experience and we had no communication in sprit. It is typically need-love, what I need is a girl taking care of my life and pass time when I feel lonely, and what she needs may has two aspects.One aspect is someone is nice to her, the other aspect is to be a good girlfriend. She is a traditional girl and the highest standard of morality is being nice to her associate so that it can satisfy her need of achieving value. Once the need is not there, the need-love vanished. According to Lewis (1960), the need love includes kinds of physically, emotionally, intellectually need like sex, avoid to loneliness. For me, it is punishing to distinguish if these need is low or high or even all of them are desire. Except the need-love, Lewis (1960) similarly concludes the other two kinds love, that are, gifted-love and appreciate-love.Gift-love can take the love from parents to electric razorren for examples, and appreciate-love refer that people decide to continue to give their love to others even though they know they will never enjoy the result of their love. However, critically evaluate the theory of Lewis, there is a paradox. Take my experience for example, the need of this girl is to achieve her morality standard, but the practical way of achieving it is to give, Hence, how to make a differences between gift-love and need love or there is actually no differences between them?Additionally, the appreciate-love is described as highe r than need-love and gift-love. Furthermore, the people who bestow appreciate-love may satisfy the need for achieving the value of the highest forms of love and get a self-atonement. Compared with my experience, what are the differences between these two kinds of need? In the final analysis, the need includes both physical and mental. So there is not pleasant to tell the boundary between different kinds of love. The concluding part of this project is to prove that all of these love is means to achieve self-realization and take all of my experience for examples.It is stated by Swartz (2001) that self-realization is an individualization process which free people from limitation by building the in condition(p) beliefs, opinions, fears, desires, and habits. Meanwhile, Beck, U. and Beck-Gernsheim, E. proposed that love is not equal with fulfilment or even require it, love is a process you can find your real identity. Before my first love experience, I dreamed of having a girlfriend like my elder sister because I have no sisters. Nevertheless I found a girl who is two years older than me.I tryed her as a smart, beautiful, sex independent elder sister, actually the imagination gave me more felicity than the fact. After that I realized that it is the question of myself. So I tried the succeeding love experience, the girl can represent the cute and virtuous types. After I find her some characteristics, I found she is not suitable for me. I realized that how a label can affect myself, I knew my habits generally, and I really knew accurately the need what can satisfy myself. Now, I am single, however, I always think what I need, reconsider my beliefs and conclude my habits.According to Batchelor (1983), being alone is a new form of love that can lead people find themselves into the world. So I can free me from labels and kinds of limitation to find my identity. However, critically evaluate this self-realization theory, it is absolute. If someone identity is to seek the hypocritical label as an approach to satisfy his need, how can he find his real self from love? That indicated that the real self has no standard to define. As a consequence of self-realization during this period, I had an affection for a girl.It is stated by Lewis (1960) that affection is a generalized love, which include the love between people and people, animal or objects, and the most primary feature of affection is familiar, like the child will love a crusty old gardener who is familiar with him rather than a visitor who is making every attempt to win its regard. For me, I know this girl for a long time, I am familiar with her, and I know she almost all advantages and disadvantages. However, I do not label her as which kinds of type any more, I can realize my authentic self from being with her, and I think that I can do a give-love to her.C. S. Lewis quotes, Love, having become a god, becomes a demon. It is can be concluded that this affection can let hate and love existing t ogether, which I am willing to avoid. In conclusion, I show my three loves in this project and conclude them as the archetypal type with the theory of love. First is the liquid love, it has three characteristics no commitment, commodity and duality. Second is a need-love, however, it is analytically evaluated that there is no strict boundary or differences between gift-love, need-love and appreciate-love.

Analysing two primary ways of occurring international business

Analysing two uncreated ways of occurring worldwide logical argument extraneous(a) traffic is the core theme in conducting business in current era of globalization. In the competitive environment, businesses argon competing at global level. In internationalist business a company batch engaged in either of the two ways much(prenominal)(prenominal) as im manner or sellation. Import and merchandise be the two staple and primary ways of conducting the business (Dunning, 2007). Whenever a company engages into the international business, there argon lot many factors which impact the business. whence there are advantages and disadvantages of both import and export. Considering this view, this assignment report addresses the critical analysis of two primary ways of occurring international business and individual advantages and disadvantages. In accompaniment to this the assignment report also discusses the international and surplus trade (Fortanier, 2008).Ways of Occurring I nternational BusinessResearcher identifies that there are two primary ways of conducting international business import and export. In import a company or individual purchase the goods outside the country of origin and interchange out in interior(prenominal) country. On the early(a) hand whenever a company or individual produces the product/goods in the country of origin or home(prenominal) country and sold out in immaterial company (Gupta and Govindarajan, 2008). In both ways there are several factors which contract greater impact and influence on international business practice. In addition there are several advantages and disadvantages of import and export. The term export refers to the shipping of goods and function outside the port of a country (Hennart, 2004). Whenever a seller sells much(prenominal) goods, it is cognize as exporter and whenever a person purchase the goods or ser guilts outside the country then it is known as importer. In the international business, t he term export means selling the goods and services outside the home country and vice a versa. Except some goods or services, any products and goods can be exported to other country. The distribution of exported goods is undertaken by the domestic trader in which the goods are exported (Hennart, 2006). It is indispensable to hold up the involvement of custom authorities while exporting the commercial quantities of goods in both the country of import and country of export. Due to the subaltern lever trades, the small trade over the internet such e-bay and Amazon is usually by-pass through custom. on that pointfore the export is subject to legal and formal restriction by the country of export to sentry duty the interest of domestic producers (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 2008).The counterpart of export is known as import. The transaction of goods and services from resident to non resident is also known as national account export. National accountant therefore sometimes need to make some adjustments of basic trade data and hence the basic trade data requires the statistical analysis. it is different from the coverage of national accounts as the data for international trade is usually obtained from the custom service in the individual country. In case any country consists of general trade then the goods exported or imported in the country are recorded on respective dates. On the other hand in case a company uses special trade system in which the goods are received in warehouses then the goods are non recorded as external trade till the time goods are sent to the free trade zone (Jones, 2006). In free trade zone developed with in the country, some of the goods move freely without any custom, discipline or statistics in the trade of goods. This is also true in case of goods are transferred between the member states. Banks are responsible for the statistical recording for the trade in services and these data points are then inform to the central bank. It is not only applicable for only export but also for the import. In the globalization, the services are provided outside the country electronically such as via internet, therefore it is difficult to measure the amount earned is such cases (Nelson and Winter, 2007). Some basic information or statistics in international trade is normally avoided such as smuggled goods or international flow of illegal services. In the official trade such of type of goods and services is not accounted. mercantile policy and international trade is one of the oldest and most famous branches of international business and thought of economics. Export and import are the major components of the international business. Economists are in the main discusses the macro economic risks and benefits of export and import. In presenting the different perspectives, there the two different views such as determining the benefits of international trade and concerning the perhaps that the domestic industries may be influen ced through international trade (Jones, 2008). For example if an importer imports the electronic goods from china then it is 3 to 4 times cheaper than the domestic producers products. indeed the market for the domestic players can be captured by the importers products and the domestic labor will get crushed by the international player. In order to safeguard the interest of domestic market, the presidency has imposed some policies and duties on imported goods (Easterly, 2008).The export methods include the good or product which is being hand delivered, shipped via port or mailed through internet. The similar process is followed in importing the goods.Trade RegulationsSome of the natural regulations on import and export of goods are export administration regulation, bureau of industry and security, international tariffs, BIS regulation. In addition to this there are some commodities which need international license for import and export. These commodities includes, liquor, gold, tob acco, drugs etc. These regulations straggle country to country. The exported or imported item falls under the specific product category and respectively the company can obtain the license. There are some restricted destinations which restricted for both the import and export such as Cuba, Sudan, North Korea, Pakistan, Syria and Iran since these countries promote the terrorist activity (Hennart, 2007).Trade BarriersGovernment laws, regulation, policy and practices are generally known as trade barriers which are developed for safeguard the domestic products, labor and market from the foreign players or particular domestic products from the bear on of artificial export. in order to restrict the business practices, there have been s similar effect which is not generally regarded as trade barrier. The government policies are imposed to protect the international exchange of goods and services in general common foreign trade barriers (Casson, 2008).StrategicThere are accredited type of goods, services and information which is limited in the international trade for example goods which are associated with the weapons caused of mass destruction, arms, ammunition, advanced tele intercourse, archaeological artifacts and all those items which are not in favor of the country. Some of the major example of these goods includes the nuclear suppliers group, missile technology and technological development (Dunning, 2006).Trade TariffsA trade tariff is the evaluate also known as economic barrier which is imposed by the local government on the items imported in the country. Whenever in the country the foreign competitors goods exact is rising and fallen the collect of domestic players then this tactic is used to safeguard the interest of domestic player. It is therefore the strategic reason to bind the domestic producers and increase their capability by providing them with subsidies and other support (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 2007).Advantages and Disadvantages of Internationa l TradeThere are some advantages and disadvantages of international trade for both the export and import.Advantages of merchandiseOne of the major advantages of export is the ownership advantage which is specific to the firms international experience, asset and ability of the exporter to either develop the differentiated product or low cost product with in the values chain (Hertner and Jones, 2007). A combination of investment risk and market potential is k won as the location benefit of the particular market combination. In order to retain the core competencies within the organization and stitching it throughout the country without retaining the license, selling or outsourcing is the international advantage in export (Amatori and Jones, 2003).Some of the organizations having lower level of ownership advantage may do not enter into the foreign markets. In case a companys products and companys ownership equipped with the international advantage and ownership advantage, the entry can be made through low risk flummox known as exporting under the eclectic paradigm. There is low investment requires in exporting of goods than the other modes of international trade and expansion such foreign direct investment. Some how it is recognized that the lower level of risk result in ,lower level of rate of return than possibly the other modes of international trade (Khanna, 2007). On the other hand the usual return on international trade in export sales might not have greater potential but also there will be no risk. In export of goods the managers are allowed to exercise the various operational control however it does not have the option over the control of marketing activities of the company. The end consumer of exported goods is far away from the exporter though the various intermediaries can mange the risk (Jones, 2008).Disadvantages of ExportingThe exporting of goods is specifically difficult and disadvantageous for the small and medium size firms having employees less than 250. The sale of services and goods into the foreign market is difficult for them rather servicing the domestic market. A lack of knowledge of different languages, difference in culture, exchange regulations and trade regulations having the major impact on exporting the goods for SMEs. In addition to this the staff interaction and strain of resources is a major block of exporting the goods. Despite this disadvantage, some of the SMEs are still exporting however two third base of them sold out to the foreign markets (Jones, 2008).In addition to this there are some major disadvantages senior high schoollighted in the export of goods such as financial management, communication technology improvements, and customer demand and management mistakes. In order to minimize the risk of transaction process of exporting the goods and exchange rate fluctuation, it is essential to have to a greater extent capacity for managing the financials for coping up the efforts (Nelson and Winter, 20 07). Customers can now interact with the suppliers due to the recent development is the communication technology has improved the way of get goods, since the communication is mush cheaper then what is was two decades ago. It leads more than transparency in transaction and purchasing of goods and vendors are responsible for following the real time demand for submitting the transaction details (Hennart, 2007). The customers are becoming advance due to the improvement in the technology and they demand more support and services from the vendor such as startup and equipment installation and startup, delivery service and maintenance which are difficult for the exporter to provide. There might be some pitfalls in the organization occurred by some of the management mistakes such as oversea a distributor, an agent or chaos in the global organization (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 2008).Advantages of ImportingImporting bare-ass materials and goods is one of the paths of increasing the pro fit margins. There are number of benefits in importing the goods, such as high quality, low prices, and benefits related to the international trade. An importer can have the comparative advantage which means lower prices (Jones, 2006). Also the importer can have the much cheaper products from the foreign market due to low labor cost, low taxes etc. in terms of quality, the importer can have the higher quality goods and produce the finished goods with high quality and extend the business profit margins. In some countries, government provides the support to the importer for developing the trade relations (Nelson and Winter, 2007).Government provides the information of the manufactures and producers in the foreign country so that the importer can purchase the high quality and low price goods. Also due to the government involvement reduces the transaction risk. An importer can access to the regionally exclusive resources and cheap labor for producing the goods. These resources are requi red in the manufacturing process that have specialized skills and can be sound in certain countries. For example in electronic items, the Japanese battalion are highly efficient and manufacturer in UK use the labor from Japanese market for producing goods. The importing of resources includes everything starting from labor to technology (Fortanier, 2008).Disadvantages of ImportingThere are many governments and economists who believe that the importing goods have numerous disadvantages. For example importing of goods could lead the erosion of the domestic markets and national economies specifically when there is trade deficit occur i.e. the import is higher than the export. Some of the goods like cars appliances lead a higher level of domestic automobile and electronic markets and also discharge of jobs in the respective markets (Hennart, 2007).Some other problems can also be increased due to import of goods such as conflict in the domestic values due to the acceptance of social val ues. The domestic industries can also be crippled due to the import of the countries where the wages are low and the domestic industries are unable to compete since they cannot lower down their prices of goods than the cost of goods and also they have the obligation to the worker union (Hertner and Jones, 2007).Free Trade ConceptThe construct of free trade was introduced in the system to benefit the country and improving the condition of poor by providing them high quality and cheaper products. However as an economist, in my opinion free trade is erosion the domestic players for example if UK government lower the down the import duty on sugar then the demand for the imported sugar will increase and domestic player will not be able to compete with the foreign player (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 2008). On the other hand the economic category argues that free trade promote the environmental degradation, supporting the child labor, income inequality and wage labor, slavery, harming t he national defense, enforcement of cultural change and accentuating the poverty in the country.The economists also argued that the importing goods under free trade are opposed by the domestic industries due to rise in competition in terms of product quality and cheaper prices (Nelson and Winter, 2007). A maximum exploitation of workers due to the free trade is also opposed by the socialists. Free trade generally do not reduce the poverty or improve the condition of working class in the country but frequently make them more poor. It also supports the colonialism and imperialism in the country. On the other hand I believe that in free trade consumer could gain more than the industrialists and the domestic producers are more likely to mobilize their products without lifting the tariffs (Jones, 2006).Conclusion and SuggestionsThe competitive business environment enforces the businesses in both the international and domestic markets to retain their business and remain competitive. Howe ver depending on the need and potential of the business, it is essential to understand whether the company should indulge into the export or import activity (Gupta and Govindarajan, 2008). It is recommended to the businesses specially the medium and small companies to extend their business potential at domestic market first and then extend into the international market collaboration, joint venture or business partnership. Prosperity in the country cannot be achieved through protectionism since it increases only the poverty and also do not protect the domestic industries or jobs but harm the export business and industries which has belief on imports (Hennart, 2007).

General Electric Change Management

General voltaic Change ManagementThe process by which organizations bear on from their present state to some desired succeeding(a) state to accession their effectiveness. The Goal is to find improved ways of using resources and capabilities in order to annex an organizations ability to create value. The metamorphose process includes improving organizational effectiveness at the four levels shown in the figure below.Major Types of Organizational ChangeTypic totallyy, the parlance organizational wobble is about a significant variety in the organization, such as reorganization or adding a major(ip) crude harvest-feast or service. It can compass the following Organization-wide Versus Subsystem ChangeExamples of organization-wide change might be a major restructuring, collaboration or rightsizing. Usually, organizations must undertake organization-wide change to evolve to a different level in their life cycle, for example, going from a highly reactive, entrepreneurial organizat ion to one that has a more durable and planned education. Experts assert that successful organizational change requires a change in elaboration cultural change is another example of organization-wide change.Examples of a change in a subsystem might include addition or removal of a product or service, reorganization of a certain department, or slaying of a forward-looking process to deliver products or serveTransformational Versus Incremental ChangeAn example of transformational (or radical, fundamental) change might be changing an organizations structure and culture from the traditional top- imbibe, hierarchical structure to a large amount of egotism-directing teams. Another example might be Business Process Re-engineering, which tries to take apart (at least on paper, at first) the major parts and processes of the organization and then put them back in concert in a more optimal fashion. Transformational change is some durations referred to as quantum change.Examples of incre mental change might include continuous improvement as a quality management process or carrying out of new computer system to increase efficiencies. Many times, organizations experience incremental change and its leaders do not recognize the change as such.Remedial Versus ontogenesisal ChangeChange can be intended to remedy contemporary situations, for example, to improve the poor performance of a product or the entire organization, adulterate burnout in the deedplace, help the organization to run much more proactive and less reactive, or address large budget deficits. Remedial projects often attend more focused and urgent because they be addressing a current, major problem. It is often easier to determine the success of these projects because the problem is solved or not.Change can as well as be developmental to make a successful situation even more successful, for example, expand the amount of customers served, or duplicate successful products or services. unintentional Ve rsus Planned Change unwilled change usually occurs because of a major, sudden surprise to the organization, which causes its members to respond in a highly reactive and dis springd fashion. Unplanned change might occur when the Chief Executive Officer suddenly leaves the organization, significant public relations problems occur, poor product performance quickly results in loss of customers, or other disruptive situations arise.Planned change occurs when leaders in the organization recognize the need for a major change and proactively organize a plan to accomplish the change. Planned change occurs with successful implementation of a Strategic Plan, plan for reorganization, or other implementation of a change of this magnitude.Drivers of Organizational Change The most common vehicles for this sustainable change, in ascending order of magnitude of change, are Data depth psychology, Process analysis, System Assessment and node Feedback.Data Analysisfocuses on specific outcomes product quality and process measurements. The data is analyzed using trend charts, histograms, scatter diagrams, Pareto analysis, etc.Process Analysisexamines the whole process. Starting with high level flow diagram, detailed process go are documented and analyzed. Some organizations analyze these detailed process steps further using task and wait times or cost of quality data.System Assessmentaudits the whole organization using a acknowl inch apportion model (Malcolm-Baldrige,CanadaAward for Excellence), an international standard ( ISO 9000 ), a note specific model ( CMM model for software development ) or an internal award criteria ( corporations President Award ).Customer feedbackscrutinizes the organization from standpoint of its most important constituent, the Customer. Customer feedback may be voluntary ( complaints ), solicited ( satisfaction surveys ) or based on analysis of customer demeanor.Organization Change Management ProcessChange managementis a structured approach to shi fting or transitioningindividuals,teams, andorganizationsfrom a current state to a desired future state. It is an organizational process aimed at empowering employees to accept and embrace changes in their current handicraft environment. The elements that comprise an organization are shown in the four quadrants structure, work processes, people and tools. These are four key interdependent components.Structureis the traditional view of an organization. It is the faces and spaces diagram that is shown as an organization chart. It defines the boundaries of role and decision-making and identifies the key personnel responsible for the product line.Work processesdescribe how work gets done in an organization. They range from a few high-level cross-functional integrated core processes that rent the business down to detailed departmental processes and procedures.Peopleidentifies the skill lucks needed for the guild and the numbers of people with various skills. The essence of this cat egory is about get the right people doing the right job in the right place.Toolsrepresents physical facilities and capital equipment hardware and software systems, management and reporting systems, written documents such as policies, procedures and manuals, and compensation tools.An organization undergoing major change should examine all of these quadrants and assess their alignment to its visual sense, its customers and each other. This will enable senior management to identify the supplement points that will create sustainable break by change.COMPANY ANALYSIS GENERAL ELECTRICThe General electrical Company, commonly abbreviated simply to GE, is a major technologyconglomerate based in the join States. Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, founded General Electric in Menlo Park, New Jersey, in 1878. It has gone on to become one of the most powerful and dynamic corporationsin the world, and as of 2008 was the tenth-largest familiarity on Earth in terms of market capit alization. It is viewed by more as being the single most successful conglomerate, and was a conglomerate long before the practice became commonplace in the 1960s.In 1890, Edison started a company to bring together his various businesses all under one roof, and called it the Edison General Electric Company. Two years riper Edison merged with his primary competitor, the Thomas-Houston Company, and they called the new company the General Electric Company. The move was largely a bid to combine their various patents, to allow for more profitabilityon both of their parts, as it allowed them to freely use the many smaller inventions each inventor had created in their larger projects. e precisewhere the years, General Electric continued to grow and produce different products for a wide range of applications. Many of Edisons early inventions formed the backbone of various General Electric lines through the 19th century, the 20th century, and down to the present day. Electric lighting, powe r transmission, medical equipment, and transportation were all areas in which Edison held patents and had formed small companies, and are all areas in which General Electric today has large holdings.Over the course of its 110-plus years of innovation, General Electric has amassed more than 67, euchre patents, and the firms scientists have been awarded two Nobel Prizes and numerous other honours. Also during the same time, the organization has had transformational changes which can be characterized into troika different eras namely Late 19th Century The Edison EraIn 1878, Edison established, with the help of his friend Grosvenor Lowry, the Edison Electric Light Company with a capitalization of $300,000. Edison accepted half of the new companys shares on the agreement that he work on underdeveloped an incandescent lighting system. The major problem Edison and his team of specialists faced was developing an electrical lighting system for a whole comm social unity. The organization w as flexible and as part of the evolutionary stage was in the growth due to creativeness stage. The core focus areas were the power generation, household appliances, and lighting.Early 20th CenturyBy the turn of the century General Electric was manufacturing everything involved in the electrification of the United States generators to produce electricity, transmission equipment to carry power, industrial electric motors, electric light bulbs, and electric locomotives. It is important to any understanding of the evolution of GE to realize that though it was diverse from the beginning, all of its enterprises centered on the electrification program. It is also worth noting that it operated in the virtual absence of competition.During the early decades of the 20th century General Electric do further progress in its established fields and also make its first major diversification. In 1903 General Electric bought the Stanley Electric Manufacturing Company of Pittsfield, Massachu unbendi ngts, a manufacturer of transformers. During this time it was a highly centralized merged firm.Postwar Growth and DifficultiesDuring the post war era GE focussed on diversification both related and unrelated and ventured into new welkins such as nuclear energy. During the 1960s and 1970s GE grew in all fields. In 1961 it opened a research centre for aerospace projects, and by the end of the decade had more than 6,000 employees involved in 37 projects related to the moon landing. In the 1950s General Electric entered the computer business. This venture, however, proved to be such a drain on the companys profits that GE sold its computer business to Honeywell in 1971.By the late 1960s, GEs management began to feel that the company had become too large for its existing structures to accommodate. Accordingly, the company instituted a massive organizational restructuring. Under this restructuring program, the number of distinct operational units within the company was cut from more th an 200 to 43. Each new section operated in a particular market and was headed by a carriage who reported to management just beneath the corporate policy board. The sections were classified into one of three categoriesgrowth, stability, or no-growthto facilitate divestment of unprofitable units.1981-2001 The shite Welch EraGEs economical problems were mirrored by its managerial reshuffling. When John F. (Jack) Welch, Jr., became chairman and CEO in 1981, General Electric entered a period of radical change. Over the next some(prenominal) years, GE bought 338 businesses and product lines for $11.1 one thousand thousand and sold 232 for $5.9 meg. But Welchs first order of business was to return much of the control of the company to the periphery. Although he decentralized management, he retained the system of classifying di pecks according to their performance. His goal was to make GE number one or two in every field of operation.GEs RestructuringAmerican rescue was in a recessio n during the early 1980s when GE appointed Jack Welch, the new CEO of the company. Economy was plagued with high interest rate and impregnable dollar which resulted in highest level of unemployment rates since Depression. To leverage the performance of diverse portfolio of GE, the new CEO sent in new resolution to be split up than the best and set in place a series of radical changes to restructure the company over the coming 5 years.The changes in GE came in three phases, commonly known as the first, second and third motions.The first waveWelch after taking charge, set the standard to be competent teeming to stay at 1 or 2 position in the industry or disengage. According to Welch, this general 1 or 2 prey is a three circle concept of his vision for GE. Businesses were categorized asCore (with the priority of reinvesting in productivity and quality)High-technology (challenged to stay on the leading edge by investing in RD)Services (required to add outstanding people and make co ntiguous acquisitions)In a span of 10 years, he treasured GE to be perceived as a unique, high-spirited, entrepreneurial enterprise, the most profitable, highly diversified company on earth, with world quality leadership in every one of its product lines.Managers at GE struggled to build 1 or 2 positions minded(p) the pain of the recessionary economy and level compete field provided by globalisation. Welchs admonition to fix, sell, or close uncompetitive business most of the times led to the latter options. Between 1981 and 1990, GE generated $11 billion of capital by selling off more than 200 businesses and investing that money to make about 370 acquisitions in diverse fields.Inside the organization, Welch insisted GE to become more lean and agile. It resulted in cutting number of employees working in the organization at all the headquarters group, in the name of removing non-value add, non-effective and non-competitive work force.Welch eliminated the sector level, previously t he powerhouse for the strategic control. By reducing the number of hierarchy from presently 9 to 4, took control of activities at the helm and all the business outright reported to him. The chain of command followed prior to this decision was CEO to sectors to groups to businesses. Now it is direct CEO to business.By undergoing delayering, destaffing and downsizing, GE eliminated thousands of workers. Though there was marginal increase in the revenues but the profits surged by two folds from $1.6 billion to $2.4 billion.For carrying out this drastic restructuring, Welch got a nickname of Neutron Jack, most prominently used by managers during the time when the CEO replaced 12 of his 14 business heads. Welch kept pushing for more changes, more he got into restructuring the more convinced he became for a bolder action.The second waveThe second phase of change in GE came in three forms Cultural change Globalization Leadership development Cultural change The initial phase of change at GE was focused on governmental structure downsizing, restructuring and removing bureaucracy. However, it was the opinion of Jack Welch that sustainable high productivity requires the corresponding cultural change.Jack Welch desired a management style that was based on openness, candor and facing reality. The culture he wanted to create was characterized by speed, simplicity and self confidence.These were done using two mechanisms WORK OUTBEST PRACTICESWork outWork out was a result of a discussion amidst Jack Welch and a group of managers at the companys Management Development Institute. In an effort to recreate the forum of honest, energetic interaction, Jack Welch initiated Work out a forum in which superiors and subordinates could openly discuss ideas, proposals and get immediate feedback on the same.Implementation The implementation team consisted of a small in-house team along with 24 outside consultants. Each consultant was in charge of a series of off site meeting based o n the open forum. Groups ranging from 40-100 employees were incited to discuss their business and ways of improving it. The sessions lasted for three days. It began with a talk by the unit boss who left immediately after. The employees were then free to discuss their issues, guided by a facilitator. On the final day, the boss returned and was required to make instant decisions on the proposals and give approval to atleast 80% of them.By 1992, over 200,000 (two-thirds) of the employees had participated in work force, but the sessions were never documented in order to of importtain its informality.However, the company clocked in annual growth rate of 4% in 88-92. (up from 2%) outdo PracticesThe objective of best practices was to learn from organizations that were having higher productivity than GE.Implementation Nine firms were selected (including Ford, HP, Xerox and Toshiba) with different best practices. In addition to company specific tools and practices, the implementation team a lso identified common characteristics among the companies a focus on effective process development kinda than individual activities, customer satisfaction, treating suppliers as partners and the strain on high quality.These practices were thoroughly studied and educate was given to all managers by integrating it into the work out teams.GlobalisationThe first phase of the strategic change in GE focused on building domesticated capabilities. The second phase had a thrust on globalization.However, the impetus for globalization was given to the business head and there was no corporate globalization strategy that was imposed on them. However, Jack Welch ensured that the top management remained involved in the globalization plans.In 1987, the performance evaluation metric was modified to consider world market position. In 1989, the position of Head International operations was created in the corporate office. Along with a team of four, he was responsible for identifying and initiatin g new globalization plans in emerging markets.GEs globalization pattern was unique in the sense that all acquisitions and investments were made in regions immediately post a major economic downturn. GE followed an aggressive policy of inorganic growth in Europe, Mexico and East AsiaBy 1998, international revenues were at $42.8 billion dollars a 100% growth in five years. Global revenues were growing at three times domestic revenues and GE was forecasted to do 50 % of its business outside the USA by 2000.leadership developmentThe third part of transformation focused on identifying and grooming future leaders of the organization.Identification From April to May each year, Welch and three senior executives visited each business to review the progress of the companys top 3000 executives. Among these were an elite club the upper 500 who had been appointed with the personal approval of Welch. Welch asked business heads to identify all star performers and operated with the mindset that t he executives were his resources and that the business heads merely rented them.Implementation Welch radically transformed the compensation packet for executives. The new package had stock options as a primary component in management compensation and the number of option recipients was increased from 300 to 30000. both professional level employees were given feedback about future positions they could hold and the specific skill required for that post. These were used in training and development of staff.GEs management development facility was given a shot in the arm with $45 million in funds and the hiring of top-class academics. The goal was to convert it into a holistic training centre from the current situation where it was considered a consolation prize for those who missed a promotion. Welch himself travelled to the facility twice a month to interact and watch GE employees.However, the most controversial of Welchs actions were those regarding a type of managers that he consid ered Type 4s. These are managers who consistently met performance targets, but were not aligned with the values of the organization. Typically, they were the imperative bosses who forced performance rather than inspired it. Although they met their required targets, Welch removed these people for having the wrong values.A few years later, GE began evaluating their managers on a 360 stratum feedback system for identifying training requirements, opportunities for coaching and career planning.Into the 1990s the third waveEven at the times of slowdown towards the start of the decade in the industrial sector, Jack was committed to the task of building the company. Various initiatives he tookBoundaryless BehaviourTake a step further from initiatives aimed at strengthening GEs individual businesses, Welch created a focus on integrated diversity. He articulated his dream for GE in the 1990s as a boundaryless company, one standing for an open, anti-parochial environment, friendly toward the desire and sharing of new ideas, regardless of their origins. Welch envisioned a boundaryless company to remove all barriers among engineering, manufacturing, marketing, sales, and customer services no distinction between foreign and domestic operations. A boundaryless organization to ignore or erase group labels such as salaried, management or hourly, which poses a problem for people working together in an organization.Welch was fond of telling stories of how best practices could be leveraged by boundaryless behaviour. The ones where managers from Canadian GE identified a small New Zealand appliance maker, Fisher Paykel, generating products very efficiently in its small, low-volume plant. Welch was very clear of the culture he wants to bring to the organization. In his words, We take people who arent boundaryless out of job. If youre turf-oriented, self-centred, dont share with people and arent searching for ideas, you dont conk here. To enforce this, bonuses and options awards were linked to idea-seeking and sharing, not only limited to idea generation.One of the most remarkable examples the way expertise and ideas spread throughout GE was the companys consolidation model, which was developed after learning from post-acquisition review. The model guided the actions of managers in any part of the company responsible for integrating a newly acquired operation jump from control of the operations to realigning the organization, and from identifying and removing blockers to implementing GE tools and programs.Stretch Achieving the ImpossibleWelch reinforced his managerial expectation by making change to the GEs cultural norms. By introducing the notional behaviour of stretch to set performance targets, it vaguely defined the business targets, with no idea how to pursuit those. The objective behind this change was to change the way targets were set and performance was measured by creating an environment where everyone is searching for answers, and it is here one can prove his mettle.Though stretch targets brought in change but the traditional forecasting and objective-setting processes were not replaced. Managers still tried basic targets, adjusted to current situation in the industry differentiating it from the rigid plan implemented last year. The main catch was setting higher stretch goals for their businesses during the budget cycle. Those who are not able to achieve these higher goals are not punished but the ones who achieved were rewarded heavy with bonuses and stock options.Within a year of introducing this concept of stretch, Welch acknowledged progress. Prior to it, the goals were very miserly set like increase in the inventory swage ratio from 4.73 to 4.91 or like maintaining the operating margin from 8.53% to 8.91%. Now its a different story altogether, where one aim at 10 inventory turns or an operating margin at 15%.Welch acknowledged that GE did not meet its two of its four-year corporate stretch targets to increase ope rating margins from their 1991 level of 10% to 15% by 1995 and inventory turns from 5 to 10 times. However, after decades of single-digit operating margins and inventory turns of 4 or 5, GE did achieve an operating ,margin of 14.4% and inventory turns of or so 7 in 1995. He said we learned things faster than we would have going after doable goals, and we have enough confidence now to set new stretch targets of at least 16% operating margin and more than 10 turns by 1998.Service BusinessesIn 1994, Welch introduced a new strategic initiative to reinforce his one of the earliest goals of reducing GEs dependence on its traditional industrial products. Towards early 1980s he started moving towards services businesses through the acquisition of financial service companies such as Employers Reinsurance and Kidder, Peabody. As an estimate in year 1995, near about 60% revenue was generated by services division which Welch to grow to 80% later.In pursuit of this goal, he took second step by focusing on product services. In his annual strategic meeting he pushed his managers to participate more in food chain business. It was well informed decision in terms of customers always need of new high-quality hardware products but in future the slow demand of GEs product should be offset by supplementing it with added-value services. By 1996, GE had built an $8 billion equipment services business, which grew faster than the underlying product business. It was also the change of the view, changing the internal mindsets from selling products to serving the customers the best possible way.With this mindset company made 20 acquisitions and joint ventures in the service area which includes a $1.5 billion acquisition of a jet engine service business and the $600 million leveraging of a global power generation equipment service company.Evaluation of GEs Strategy over two decadesGE has undergone over two decades of strategic change from visionary growth to an organization to reckon wi th. Strategy is always incomplete without its evaluation. The process followed at GE included both strategic leadership and entrepreneurship, that lead to military of changes at GE. Most of these changes centered on initiatives by Jack Welch. These initiatives involved Internal Corporate Behavior (bottom up approach) and Induced Strategic behavior (top down approach) for entrepreneurship.Strategic LeadershipIt is the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, and empower others to create strategic changes as necessary. Multifunctional in nature, strategic leadership involves managing through others, maintaining an entire enterprise rather than a functional subunit and coping with change that continues to increase in global economy. Because of global economys complexity, strategic leaders must learn how to effectively beguile human behavior, often in uncertain environment. Strategic leaders must be considerate of entire enterprise, rather than just a sub unit and this s hould be enforced with a managerial perspective.The changes that followed immediately after instating of Jack Welch followed this Strategic Leadership and Strategic Change Management Process. Jack Welch had a vision for GE to number 1 or 2 in every domain that it operates. He wanted GE to operate leaner. He initiated people development process by work-outs along with inculcation of best practices across industries. He believed in increasing productivity through restructuring, removing bureaucracy and downsizing.The figure below flesh out the steps that are required in maintaining effective strategic leadership.Effective Strategic LeadershipVisionMissionSuccessful Strategic ActionsImplementation of Strategies conceptualisation of StrategiesStrategic Competitive Advantage Above-average ReturnsHe corroborated his vision with successful strategic actions of formulation and implementation of strategies successfully. These strategic actions included Total Quality management, implementat ion of take up practices across industry, downsizing, work outs. He initiated the process of GEs going global. It opened GE to discover profitable uncharted territories across the globe. This helped him leverage on strategic scrap and resulting in above average returns. This can be assessed by the successful mergers and acquisitions that GE undertook under his leadership. It led to a strategic change in business portfolio of GE. Jack Welch not only undertook acquisitions, but it was coupled with divestitures.These successful implementation of strategies resulted in sustained competitive advantage for GE in accordance with the vision that Jack Welch had developed for GE.Strategic VisionTECHNOLOGYIndustrial Electronics, Medical Systems, Materials, Aerospace, Aircraft EnginesSERVICESGECC Information, body structure and Engineering, Nuclear ServicesThe Three-Circle Vision for GE, 1982CORELighting, Major Appliances, Motor, Transportation, Turbines, Construction EquipmentStrategic Acti onJack Welch believed in being the leaders in the segment GE operate. This resulted in a radical change in business portfolio of GE. Following table depicts most of the acquisitions and divestitures of GE across two decades. This was done in line with Jack Welchs vision of making GE the best organisation across the globe.Major Acquisitions $21 billionMajor Divestitures $11 billionCalma CAD/CAM EquipmentsCentral Air ConditioningIntersil (semiconductors)Pathfinder minesEmployers Reinsurance groupBroadcasting propertiesDecimus (computer leasing) universal time InternationalKidder Peaboy (IB)Housewares (small appliances)Polaris (aircraft leasing)Family financial servicesGenstarRCA RecordsThomson/CGRNacolah Life indemnityBorg Warner ChemicalConsumer ElectronicsCredit CardsCarboloyRoperNBC RadioTruck LeasingLawn EquipmentFinancial Guarantee InsuranceGE Solid StateFinancial News NetworkLadd Petro ChemicalsThorn LightningRCA Columbia Home VideoItel ContainersChase Manhattan LeasingHouse of Fraser Credit Cards beginning The Business EngineGeneral Electric Financial Performance in the three Era BorchJonesWelch196119701971198019811990Sales466687269557249502724052619Operating profit432549737224324476616Net Earnings238328510151416524303RoS5.1%3.8%5.3%6.1%6.1%8.2% roe14.%12.6%17.2%19.5%18.1%19.8%Stock MarketCap6283702610870121731307350344SP Index65.783

Comparison Between Two Methodologies By Using Nimsad Information Technology Essay

Comparison Between Two Methodologies By Using Nimsad meditate Technology EssayThe main objective of this assignment is to do comparison between two unlike methodologies such as SSADM Structured Systems Analysis and phylogenesis Methodology and ethical motive Effective expert and Human Implementation of Computer-based Work Systems by use NIMSAD mannequin. Both methodologies take for shown their own concept of identifying problem short letter and celebrateing solution to fix the problems.Avison and Fitzgerald (1995) show the definition of instruction establishment development methodology as a collection of procedures, techniques, tools, and documentation assistance which leave al unrivaled help the musical arrangement developers in their efforts to implement a new information body and they also mentioned the methodology with the preceding(prenominal) collections.There ar two principles for equivalence methodologies The first one is Academic reason, this is for understanding the diagnosis of the methodology. The Second one is Practical reason this is to carry a methodology, meeting or part of the methodology for a particular application and. There are lots of methodologies exists. There may be many comparisons can determine and define the methodology (Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995).So, we moldiness know the basic rules of the two methodologies before start doing comparison. The comparison and views of the methodologies volition be shown below.SSDAM (Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method)Structured System Analysis and Design method is a frame make believe that adopts Structure approach to the compendium and number of the information systems alike previous structured methods such as Yourdon in 1976,DeMarco in 1979 . It is ordered development process called as waterfall method. It was produced for Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency (CCTA) and also the UK government now known as Office of Government employment (OGC). In 1981 UK government was taken this method as a compulsory for all projects but since because the otherwise countries and more or less private organization utilize it greatly (Ashworth et al, 1995).SSADM supports the developers and project managers in understanding four questions they are What is to be through with(p), When it is to be done, How it is to be done, Where the effectant inform is to be documented (Bentley et al, 1995).Some history of this methodology since 1980, Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency determines the analysis and invent methods.In the year of 1981 Learmonth Burchett Management Systems (LBMS) method has chosen from shortlist of five. In the year of 1983 SSADM made mandate for all new information system developments. Version 2 of SSADM was released in 1984. Version 3 of SSADM was released and that was adapted by NCC in 1986. later 1988, SSADM certificate of improvement launched, SSADM promoted as open standard. Version 4 of SSADM has rele ased in 1990. (Websites http//www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/steve/1/tsld005.htm). This is a wide methodology and also pliable to apply at any physique of problem item. It divides the works or projects into distinct units (Downs et al, 1992).SSADM is a basic assumption that systems have an underlying, generic, data structure which changes very little over time (Ashworth et al,1990).The SSADM version 4 has formed five important frames such as, Feasibility Study (FS), indispensabilitys Analysis (RA), Requirements Specification (RS), Logical System Specification (LS) and physical Design (PD).This five-module framework has seven stages and severally stage has explained exactly with their own strategy, controls, and activity, this helps the main purpose of the project management technique (Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995 Downs et al, 1992).DiagramThe Feasibility Study (FS) is first module of the methodology it holds the position of stage 0, this phase has four footmarks First one is prepare for s tudy to know measurement of evaluation of the project consequently define the problem by using comparison between requirements with genuine position selection of Feasibility from among others the final one is to submit a incubate of the Feasibility. Data flow diagram and flow documents are used in this technique (Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995).Requirement Analysis (RA) is one of the most important stages of SSADM. This convoluted with describing the requirements of information systems. This is a funda intellectual level for stage tune purpose. It has two stages a major quarry of the first stage is to make understand fully astir(predicate) the system for analysts. Analyst should investigate the feasibility of the project if before stage was not done and also the problem situation should be described by using data ensamples and data flow models Interviewing to the employees and exploiters also included in this stage. The second one is Business System option during this stage t he analysts would determine such business system options by classify actions for their customers. The previous stage has named that, a business system option is a potential solution to the system requirements. This includes boundaries of the solution and inputs and outputs.Requirement Specification (RS) is a single stage and it makes over the description of the current environment and business system option which was made by Requirements Analysis. Clients of this system would select business option at the end of RA. During this stage analysts should combine the investigation of all the stages results from 1 to 3 by keep the business option, to develop a precondition of the system. It also describes true function of the system.Entity-event modelling and rational data analysis are the techniques used in this stage.During the stage 3, various models of the system are being developed such as, Data Flow Model (DFM) and Logical Data Model (LDM).This stage brings details the DFM and LDM . The function definition has unites into one for stipulation process soma at this stage.The next module, Logical System Specification (LS) has two stages in it. Such as stage 4 and stage 5, Technical System Option considered as stage 4 and Logical object as stage 5. Technical System Option is the final stage for analysis phase and conversion to the literal system foundation. Many execution chances are suggested to select nearly suitable solution similar to stage 2.This technical system options are measured by financial cost and performance of the system and limitations etc. aft(prenominal) the stage 4, Logical Design took place as a stage 5, the works and investigation has been done as same like before stage. The main execution of Logical Design is about human factor. It defines negotiation and updates enquiries in non-procedural manner, which is independent of any implementation strategy.Physical Design (PD) is the final module of this system. It is the best choice of possible technical and logical solution, the designer combines the result of the previous stages to build the final aim of the system. This is stage 6 and outcomes in PD for the data and processes (Ashworth et al, 1990, Bentley et al, 1995, Downs et al, 1992).The above essay tells that, SSADM has a well-defined structure and blue-blooded to understand by everyone. Many of the UK University has taken this information system in comprehensively and completely. These models and diagrams are giving complete definitions for the final users and developers to understand (Ashworth et al, 1990, Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995).ETHICS (Effective technique and Human Implementation of Computer-based Systems)Ethics methodology came up out of work started by Enid Mumford at Manchester Business School in 1969. Since then, it has been used in industries and the wellness services. Much experience gained from these usages (Mumford, 1997). Ethics is acronym, but this approach is to represent the ethical position . This is the information system development, which strongly supports the human participation (Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995). This methodology is well-known for its immenseness and stakes in the human side of systems design (Jayaratna, 1994). It includes the socio-technical view for the system to be effective and this technology should be applicable for social and organisational factors. It also message that a valuable prime(a) of working life and increased job contentment of the users is one of the major objective of this system design process.Mumford determines the essential quality of socio-technical approach as one which recognizes the interaction of technology and people and produces the work systems which are both technically efficient and have social characteristics which lead to spunky job satisfaction and job satisfaction as the divulgement of a good primed(p) between what the employee is seeking from his work-and his job needs, expectations and aspirations-and what he is required to do in his job-the organisational job requirements which mould his experience(Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995).To determine the concept of fit is used to describe the job satisfaction in five fields Firstly, knowledge fit as a good fit lives when employees should accept that their skills are being adequately utilized and their knowledge being improved to make them efficiently Physical fit is the second area that means job must suitable for the employee status, encouragement of the progress and work interest thirdly efficiency fit, it composed of the effort-reward bargain, work controls and supervisory controls fourthly the task structured fit, that measures the level to the employees task are considered as being fulfilling and demanding and the final area is ethical fit, this is also represents social appreciate fit and determines whether the employer organisation be compatible with values of employee(Avison and Fitzgerald 1995).Ethics is a methodology that based on hu man participation and socio technical character. The Ethics design stem consist of users, managers and technical experts. The objective of this methodology helps the design group in the way of identifying and formulating the problem, and also it will set objectives and develop alternatives, and allow other actions like implementing and evaluating new system. It aims to construct the computer based system that provides job satisfaction and achieve the efficiency needs of the organisation (Jayaratna, 1994).During this development, the importance placed on both the human and social and the technical views of the system. Users formulate social alternatives to improve job satisfaction, and experts formulate technical alternatives to improve business efficiency. The above aspects are focus to identify the best socio-technical fit under the common cost, resource and other environment constraints (Wong, 2001).Here, the ETHICS steps are executed by the design groupWhy change?By enquiring a bout the problem situation of the current system, design group try to put down objective through regular meetings and some discussions to answer the question why do we need to change. This step gives clear reasons about why the changing system needed (Mumford, 1993).System Boundaries.The design group tries to identify the boundaries of the system and also how it is interfaces with other system.Description of Existing System.This step aims to educate the design group to know how the existing system works. Everyone in this group has more comprehensible of previous system before moving to the new system.4, 5 and 6 Definition of the key objectives, tasks and information needs.Identify the key objectives for the design groups the task required to achieve these objectives and information is needed to carry out the tasks.7. Diagnosis of Efficiency Needs.The design group tries to identify the weak link in the system and that is to be documented. These are main reason for errors. Everyone outside the team help to identify the efficiency need. This could be the opportunity for the team to acquire entangled in the development process.8. Diagnosis of Job Satisfaction Needs.This is achieved by the standard questionnaire given in the ETHICS methodology. As we know earlier ETHICS is a human-cantered method for others to gain the job satisfaction. The design team tries to identify people needs and also ways to increase satisfaction by using ETHICS questionnaire. This questionnaire covers knowledge fit, physical fit, efficiency fit, task structured fit and ethical fit.9. Future AnalysisThe new system need to be designed in the way that apart from just being better from previous system, it should also be able to manage with future changes that may occur in the technological, business and organisation or fashion.10. Specifying and weighting Efficiency and Job Satisfaction Needs and ObjectivesMumford identifies that this is the key step for the whole methodology. Objectives are set according to the diagnosis results of the terce previous steps. It can be very difficult task and must subscribe everyone in the organisation.11. Organizational Design of the New System.This is the logical and abstract design of the new system. It should be performed in parallel with next step. The output of this step is detailed about the organizational changes which are needed for the job efficiency and satisfaction objectives.12. Technical Options.The physical design has been taken by this step for new system. There are some various technical systems like hardware, software and graphical user interface would be investigated and evaluated. By end of this step, most suitable one helps to achieve target of the project and job satisfaction.13. Preparation of Detailed Design Work.In this step the selected system is designed in detail. The previous documentation is recorded and groups are defined, tasks, responsibilities are allocated and finally relationships are created.1 4. Implementation.This is the important step of the development project. The design group now applies the success implementation of design. This connects closely to planning the implementation process in detail.15. Evaluation.After the successful implementation, the system is assured it is meeting its main objectives, particularly in relation to efficiency and job satisfaction (Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995, Mumford, 1993).Mumford recognizes that implementing this methodology is not an smooth one also she is making the addition point that participative may not work at the powerful situations where the objectives of the system have as a part of the reduction of cost and redundancies. Aylors and Myers suggest that participation may be achieved will be dependent on culture and politics of the organisation more than individuals (Avison and Taylor, 1995).However, many organizations are trying to establish the participation approach in flexible and more useful manner.The comparison betwee n two methodologies (SSADM ETHICS)As we said in the introduction before, we will do comparison between two methodologies mentioned above by using NIMSAD (Normative Information Model-Based System Analysis and Design) framework. These methodologies are compared in detail by using the different steps. This framework consists of three steps and one of the steps contains eight stages fewer than three phases and all the stages steps are correctly evaluated. The steps and stages of the framework will be explained below,The Problem particular (the methodology context).The intend Problem Solver (the methodology user).The Problem Solving cognitive process (the methodology).Phase 1- Problem FormationStage 1- Understanding the situation of concern.Stage 2- playing the diagnosis.Stage 3- defining the prognosis outline.Stage 4- Defining ProblemStage 5- Deriving risky systems.Phase 2- Solution DesignStage 6- Performing the abstract/logical design.Stage 7- Performing the physical design.Phase 3- Design ImplementationStage 8- Implementation of design.Evaluation.Problem SituationThis framework will be involved with clients and defines different between the action world and thinking world. This step explains that the problem situation lives in only on action world but the problem solving situation will be in both world. A diagrammatic model cannot catch the elements of an organisation, but they could be used to clarify the concepts and components. This distinctly tells that the problem solvers own knowledge and skills will not help to understand the problem situation unless he/she know the organisational language (Jayaratna).In Ethics, the problem situation of the existing system is clear analysed through the regular meetings and proper discussion. This step could be a main cause for the system change plan. The boundaries of the system have been identified by the design group and also they try to determine how boundaries are connected and communicated with other system ( Mumford, 1993).When compare to Ethics, SSADM investigate and study about the problem situation and they will confirm the position from user. These results are explained by the data flow diagramDiagram of problem solving situationIntended Problem SolverThe intended problem solver is who originate within the organisation or outside of it. We have begun to discuss about the agreement of spot and the act of forming relationship to be effective. The NIMSAD framework explains that the intended problem solver adds the single man component to the process and their Mental Construct is used.In Ethics, aft(prenominal) the analysis process, this step shows that the design group is been educated about the problem which will make them clear view of the existing problem situation. The main aim of the problem solver is to achieve the job satisfaction and efficiency needs. But in SSADM, the problem solver is fully trained and skilled. They will not get any advice like Ethics and have to understand the problem and find the solution of their own.Diagram for the intended problem solverProblem Solving ProcessNIMSAD defines three important phases and eight detailed stages in this step and can be applicable for any problem solving process. This framework cannot be sour and this should be achieved at the accountability time. This methodology could be structured process to alter transformation from current situation to the coveted situation.Phase 1.Problem FormulationStage1.Understanding the Situation of concernUnderstanding the problem is fully based on each one of our mental construct. This stage will build boundaries to determine the field of interest and clear communication of boundaries to avoid danger and this focused on investigation and establish concerned situation.In Ethics as mentioned above, the problem situation is identified. After that the boundaries are set accordingly for evaluating the problem. Then the designer will start gathering the points to solve a problem . In SSADM, the problem is been assumed as a data flow diagram and this will be used to solve the problems. So they will start making points to evaluate the problems.Stage2.Perfoming the DiagnosisDiagnosis is clearly communicated expression of understanding and that is gained from investigating the problem situation. This is a static expression and also identified by the tool for problem solver or overconfident by the methodology. Mental construct and situation concern are the dynamic process of the expression. Action World cannot be represented by only in diagrammatic way but, it can be a certain priority for the problem solver.In Ethics, diagnosis is to identify the weak link which creates errors and make a document of them for future use. The weak links are the reasons for errors in the system. Everyone from outside can help to determine the efficiency needs. This will be an opportunity for them to get involve. Ethics is human-centered method and its aims to get job satisfaction from each of the employers. A new system should be developed or designed for to cope with the future changes. Diagnosis is a big opportunity for the whole management to get involve for the result (Mumford, 1993). In SSADM, the developers have not been sensible or educated to cope the problem situation. The designers should know what the system actually need and they should study and decide about problem. The designers will keep the current records and previous documentsStage3. Defining the prognosis outlinePrognosis pointed a diagrammatically by various outline shape and also it is a desired situation. The prognosis outline compares the current situation with desired situation for to identify the problem. This stays only in outline rather than elaborated. It is presented in few methodologies because, this is an intellectual and political skills.Ethics problem situation has been done in various outlines, and the designers will get feedback from others or inside of the organisation to handle the situation as much as possible. In SSADM, problem elements of the existing system could be chosen by the user among some options like business. Analyst should design the system requirements for how the users exactly want.Stage4.Defining ProblemAfter clarifying the before stages rationale, the problem solver can look at the system prevention from moving from current to desired state. It will try to find the explanation of problem statements. This process defines that the problem looks at the mapping of two comprehended states. Jayaratna defined that this process is critical and identify the absence of the aspects and this must be based on some form of questions what and why, not how and whom.In Ethics, the design team tries to determine the way to increase the job satisfaction by ask questions. There are some key steps involved in this step as mentioned in before stage. Everyone from the organization must get involve for the development process. In SSADM, the problem ca nnot be solved by simply looking and thinking as prognosis does. So result of the feasibility study should be combined by the analyst with business option.Stage5.Deriving Notional SystemsNotional system is achieved after completing the Diagnosis to Prognosis as current to desired situation by mapping for to defeat the identified problems and alter the transformation. This model allows the structured problem situation and that can be unstructured or ill-structured and this may be difficult to find.In Ethics, prefers no diagrammatic representation for the changing process. All the design group and analyst will be educated and advised properly for the development process to get good results (Mumford, 1983).SSADM, it is a validating necessary step for the user. The data flow diagrams are used to achieve the actual model of the system requirements. There will be priority for the users need and also feedbacks after increasing prototype for next process.Phase2. Solution DesignStage6.Perfom ing the conceptual/logical designDiagnosis model is basis for the creation or change of structures, roles, task, functions, information and attitudes of the notional system. This stage is also providing a chance for to re-evaluate the previous stage. In this event, the boundary situation and its contents are considered.In Ethics, the job satisfaction is achieved by the modification from result of this stage. This stage will study that, this is been done by the logical design for developing the system. SSADM use the data flow diagrams for all of the logical design techniques. The designers will perform their operation by changing the diagrams according to the requirements and guidelines. This organisation of system checks the requirements for the system development process.Stage7. Performing the Physical DesignThe physical design provides the ways and entails of implementing the logical design. It also points that physical constrains and resources addressable to implement the logica l design. The physical design is regarded with two questions to perform, how it could be done and who is going to do this. The criteria of the physical design determine the decision of the appropriate model, such as Efficiency, Reliability, Security, and Accuracy, upgradeability and Availability, etc.In Ethics, this stage is followed by the logical design. It is investigated and evaluated using the hardware, software, and GUI. In order to achieve the design of the system. In SSADM, the physical design checks whether, it reaches the users specification or the needs of the developing system. Then the system is passed to the programmer from the developer and from here the implementation of the system begins.Phase 3.Design ImplementationStage8.Implementatoin of the designIt is concerned with the organization of the notional system inside the context of the problem situation. The writing code practice and requiring knowledge and skill in itself, is the component of the implementation pro cess. The competence at translating model from thinking world to action world will be the tested in the implementation stage.Ethics plays vital role in the implementation of the design. The design group complete the entire system and produced to user, then gets the feedback from user. If there are any changes in the developed system, they have to restart the entire system. This is considered as a main drawback in this method (Mumford, 1993). When compare to Ethics, SSADM is well organised, because in this methodology the design group explains the system in each and every stage and then proceed to the forthcoming stages.EvaluationThe entire purpose of NIMSAD framework is evaluating all the methodologies. Evaluation is nothing but asking question, so this framework concerned with the user for to ask questions from the first three steps for the evaluation process. Then the problem solver will ask questions related to the problem situation, then their own the mental construct and experi ence will be taken for the evaluation.In Ethics, this is the final step of the methodology after completing the implementation part. This evaluation process checks whether the system is achieved the job satisfaction and efficiency needs which is the main objectives of the system. When compare to the Ethics, SSADM does not give more importance to this stage, because it will get feedbacks from the user at each and every stage.ConclusionThere are lot of essential differences between the SSADM and ETHICS as we have looked in the previous sections.The ETHICS methodology aims to attain balance between the designers and available technologies. It provides good opportunity for the developers to work in flexible, highly co-operative environment. Some people believe that ETHICS is impractical because, unskilled cannot design in the right manner and management never take that. The socio-technical approach is the solution for problem situation. As we discussed earlier, ETHICS will not be the ri ght solution like other methodologies, it has both negatives and limitations. The people should trust themselves and try to learn the system to achieve great job efficiency. Every organization attains the emolument and business objectives by the combination of job satisfaction and job efficiency.As we discussed earlier, SSADM is a structured subsystem and this will be one of the main reason for easy understanding and studying the system and also causes for well-defined subsystems. The final users and developers can understand the exact definitions through diagrams and models. SSADM is a growing development method and it helps to detect the physical and logical parts of the design. The final users of the SSADM involves in the development process. It gives an idea about to use different techniques of this framework such as how, why, when, and where. It gives three various system views for the developers (Ashworth et al, 1990).

Sexist Views in The Bacchae :: Bacchae Essays

Sexist Views in The Bacchae   Throughout my life, Ive heard the phrases, Women shouldnt serve in the arm Forces no, I wouldnt want a female president a womans place is in the home. Even though our society is drifting from these extremely prejudiced views, opinions uniform these are still widely held. Women were mistreated much the same in the antediluvian patriarch Greek civilizations. The views of our society, regarding the social and sexual roles of women, are mirrored in the ancient Greek tragedy, The Bacchae. The idea that a womans place is in the home is either too common in our culture, just take into consideration the Southern Baptist Conventions contract stating wives must be submissive to their husbands. This belief was held strongly in the Greek civilization as well. A womans function was to bear and raise children, cook, clean and mission for any other needs the family may dedicate. They werent entitled to the basic freedoms they deserved. This intolerant v iew was illustrated in The Bacchae when Pentheus, in a rage, was ranting on about how all the women have deserted their homes to run wild through the dark woods on the mountain (pg 19, ln 17). The imagery associated with the woods is black and evil, yet when Pentheus speaks of the home, he claims the women have deserted, as if they were wrongfully leaving their duty. Obviously, he believes the home is the proper place for a woman. Another very common misconception about women is that they were created for the pleasure of man. The idea that a womans body was not her own, merely a possession to be dominated by her master as he wished, is also present in The Bacchae. The instances where the Maenads drank themselves into composure then crawled into the bushes to lie down before lusting men shows what lack of control these women had over their bodies. They were continuously dominated by the male god, Dionysus, and the fact that noone spoke against this bearing as being morally wrong on ly supports the idea that women are objects. Its absurd viewpoints like these that lead to modern day rape and sexual abuse. Yes, the sexist views demonstrated in The Bacchae belittle the social and sexual roles of woman, and yes, they may be reflected in our society today, but I do believe were progressing above those close-minded, imbruted ways of thinking.